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Saladin & the 3rd Crusade - Lies - Extra History (Patreon)

Published:
2021-02-12 18:31:00
Imported:
2026-06
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Content

Recommended Reading

The Crusades by Thomas Asbridge

Crusaders by Dan Jones

Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades by Jonathan Phillips

The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin by Jonathan Phillips

The Third Crusade 1191 by David Nicolle, illus. Christa Hook

Saladin and the Saracens by David Nicolle, illus. Angus McBride

Files

Previews only

Saladin & the 3rd Crusade - Lies - Extra History

Welcome Extra Historians to Lies, where we talk about the mistakes we made and the details we couldn't quite squeeze into the episode proper. What's the deal with Baldwin V's leprosy? How holy is a city really? And did Richard benefit from absence makes the heart grow fonder? If you want to check out our recommended reading, you can find it on our Patreon page: Timestamps! 0:00 - Recommended Reading/General Questions 1:35 - Episode 1 5:45 - Episode 2 8:29 - Episode 3 12:17 - Episode 4 21:56 - Episode 5 22:32 - Next on Extra History 24:09 - Ibn Battuta Side Trip ___________ Support the people who make this show, vote for future Extra History topics and get great perks at our Patreon! http://bit.ly/EHPatreon Subscribe & ! to our channel on YouTube at http://bit.ly/SubToEC Got more info about Extra Credits on our website at http://extracredits.site/ Grab your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://extracredits.store/ ___________ Thanks for participating in this week's discussion! We want you to be aware of our community posting guidelines so that we can have high-quality conversations: https://www.extracredits.site/extra-credits-community-code-of-con Come chat with us live on Twitch http://bit.ly/ECtwitch ___________ Want more Extra Credits? Follow us on social media: Twitter : http://bit.ly/ECTweet Facebook : http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Instagram : http://bit.ly/ECisonInstagram ___________ ♪ Get the intro music here! http://bit.ly/1EQA5N7 *Music by Demetori: http://bit.ly/1AaJG4H ♪ Outro music: "The Boy From Tikrit" by Tiffany Roman http://www.tiffanyromanlouk.com

Comments

Martin Verran

Aaaw, no more killing? [at least until the Jewish Pirates come along?]

AnimeInspector

I’m so happy my question got on this video :)

Novena

Yes please do Robin Hood EC Mythology

Frank Mitchell
>>53488254

Rockefeller makes a killing when Standard Oil breaks into dozens of even more valuable companies. Does that count?

Jim Henderson

I'd love to see you do the real King Arthur and the various different arguments there

Martin Verran
>>53488254

Not really as I was referring to killing in the blood and death sense. 1100 2nd August In the Kingdom of England, King William III of England is Killed by an Arrow through the Lungs while out Hunting in the New Forest, near the Village of Brockenhurst, Hampshire, Fired by a Nobleman Named Walter Tirel. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Third Ruler of the House of Normandy, an Effective Soldier but a Ruthless and Unpopular King, Deeply Hated by the Peoples he Governed. Local Folklore will Claim that the Nature of his Death was Divine Judgement for the Crimes he had Commited in Life, while others will Speculate whether or not his Death was a Pre ~ Planned Assassination by his Younger Brother, Prince Henry, who Greatly Benefited from his Murder. 5th August In the Kingdom of England, Prince Henry Beauclerc, the Fourth Son of William the Conqueror, is Crowned as King Henry I of England inside Westminster Abbey by Bishop Maurice of London, as Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury has been Exiled from England by King William III and Archbishop Thomas of York is in the North of the Country in the City of Ripon, Duchy of York. In South America, a small Village, Cuzco, is Founded near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes Mountains by a Wandering Band of Quechua ~ Speaking Hunter-Gatherers Called the Incans. Having Settled down in their new Homeland, the Incan Chieftain Decides to send out a Single Unit of Quechua to Explore the rest of the World. 8th September In the Western Roman Empire, Pope-King Clement II Passes away in the of Pesaro, . He will be Remembered by Future Historians for having been the First in a Series of Reform ~ Minded Pope-Kings from , the Leader of a Movement within the which Opposed the Traditional Claim of European Monarchs to Control Ecclesiastical Appointments, and this was Opposed by Supporters of Monarchical Rights, Lead by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and Backed a Rival Claimant, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, as Holy Roman Emperor. He also Reigned in Opposition to Two Pope–Kings from the Pro ~ Gregorian Line: Urban II and Paschal II. Locally, in Pesaro, after his Death, he will be Celebrated as a Miracle ~ Working Saint. In the Kingdom, after the Death of Clement II, the Anti ~ Gregorian Faction of the Roman Catholic Church Elects Bishop Teodorico of Albano as Pope-King, taking the Regnal Name Theodoric. 1101 In the Queendom of Vinland, a Great Earth Dyke [Similar to OTL Offa's Dyke] is Raised to Protect Eikland from Native American Raids. Eikland is Divided into 17 Counties and mostly Settled by the 1120s. 1102 In the Kingdom of Mann, King Magnus II “Barefoot” of Hordaland Lands in Mann with an Army to Receive Diplomats and await Reinforcements, and Negotiates with Northumbrian Lords in the North of England. 1105 In the Queendom of Vinland, Cluniac Monks set up Twin Monasteries ~ One Dedicated to Saint Peter and the other to Saint Michael ~ on the Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. There they begin to Experiment with Crops as Provided by Local Skræling Traders and send Two Representatives to the Althing at Isafjordhur. Elsewhere, Priests continue their Quest to Convert the Native Americans to Christianity, often without Success, because these Priests are far more Interested in the Vinlanders than in the Native Americans. In the Kingdom of Castile, King Sancho III “the Great” of Navarre Invades Castile. In the Sultanate of Rum, a Pro ~ Fatimid Rebellion among the Arab Population of the Seljuk Empire is Brutally Repressed. In the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuks are once again Defeated outside Iconium by John, the Young and Brilliant Son of Alexios I Komnenos and Sophia, the Widow of Romanos II. The Seljuks Retreat to their Nests in the Taurus Mountains, from where any Attempt to Dislodge them will prove Futile. 1107 In the Fatimid Caliphate, many Ethnic Arabs Flee to the Fatimid Caliphate. 1120 In the Queendom of Vinland, Native American Warriors Burn Viking Settlements on Rhode Island. 1136 In the Principality of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, the Younger Son of the Late Duke William IX “the Troubador” of Aquitaine Arrives in the Middle East. Archbishop Ralph of Domfront [against Alice of Jerusalem’s Wishes] Arranges a Secret Marriage between him and her 8 ~ Year ~ old Daughter, Constance of Hauteville. Constance is Kidnapped and taken to the Cathedral in Antioch, where Archbishop Ralph Hastily Marries her to Raymond. Alice leaves the City, now under the Control of Raymond, and Retires to Latakia, Syria. 1141 25th January In the Papal Kingdom, Pope-King Anacletus II Passes away in the City of Rome, Latium. He will be Remembered by Future Historians for continuing the Conflict against the Supporters of the Anti-Pope-King Victor II and his Failure to Suppress the Arnoldians, and for the continuing Decline of the Influence of the Papacy. In the Papal Kingdom, Cardinal Guido di Castello, whom Anacletus had Groomed to be his Successor, is Elected as -King of the Pro ~ Gregorian Faction of the Roman Catholic and is Supported by Roman Caesar John IV. He takes the Regnal Name Celestine II. 1144 24th December In the County of Edessa, Seljuk Forces Lead by Imad al-Din Zengi Capture the Fortress of Edessa after a Four ~ Week Siege. Thousands of the Inhabitants are Massacred and Women and Children are Sold into Slavery. Only Christians are Spared. Lacking the Forces needed to take on Zengi, Count Joscelin II Retires to his Fortress at Turbessel, from where he sends Requests for Reinforcements to the Byzantines and Melisende of Jerusalem. 1145 In the Byzantine Empire, Count Raymond of Antioch Travels to Constantinople to Ask Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos for an Alliance against the Seljuks. When he Arrives, he is Forced to Accept the Suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In Exchange, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos Promises him a Monetary Subsidy. 1st December In the Papal Kingdom, Pope-King Celestine II Issues the Bull Quantum Praedecessores, Calling for a new Crusade to Recapture Edessa ~ One of the oldest Cities in Christendom ~ from the Muslims, Promising a full Remission of Sin for anyone who is Willing to take up the Cross. 1146 31st March In the Duchy of Burgundy, the Papal Legate Bernard of Clairvaux is Commissioned by -King Celestine II to Preach a new Crusade in Vézelay, Burgundy. King Philip II of France and his Wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, are Inspired to take up the Cross. Following his Success, Bernard undertakes a Tour of Burgundy, France, and Flanders, Preaching the Crusade as he goes. 14th September In the Sultanate of Rum, Emir Zengi of Aleppo and Mosul is Assassinated by a Christian Eunuch of Frankish Origin Named Yarankash at the Age of 61 in the Castle of Qal'at Ja'bar; the News is Received with Enthusiasm by the Crusaders. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Founder [and Namesake] of the Zengid Dynasty, who, According to all the Muslim Chroniclers of the Day, was Courageous, Strong in Leadership, and a very Skilled Warrior. Crusader Legends will Speak of Zengi as the Bastard Son of Ida of Austria, who had Supposedly been Captured and Placed in a Harem, but these will be Dismissed as Impossible by Historians. 1147 16th June In the Kingdom of England, the Main Host of the Second Crusade Departs from the City of Dartmouth, Devon, for the Holy Land under the Command of Hervey de Glanville, an Anglo-Norman Nobleman and Constable of Suffolk, Consisting of Men from England, Flanders, Fryslân, Scotland, and some German Principalities with a Fleet of 200 Ships. Bad Weather Forces the Crusaders to Dock in the River Douro along the Portuguese Atlantic Coast. In the Holy Roman Empire, a Second Crusader [some 20,000 Men] Depart from Regensburg, , Commanded in Person by King Conrad III of Germany. The Holy Roman Crusaders Pass into Hungary, Planning to take the Overland Route into Asia Minor and through Syria to Reach the Holy Land. In the Kingdom of France, a French Expedition Departs from Metz, under the Command of King Philip II of France in Person, Accompanied by his Wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. 7th September In the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Crusaders Suffer a Natural Disaster when a Flash Flood Sweeps away a Part of their Camp with a Considerable Loss of Life. Basileus Manuel I Orders the German Crusaders to Cross into Asia Minor via the Hellespont, but King Conrad III Ignores Manuel I’s Advice and Pushes onwards to Constantinople. 10th September In the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Crusaders under King Conrad III Arrives in Constantinople ahead of the French Crusaders, where there is a Frosty Exchange between Conrad III and Byzantine Basileus Manuel I. Basileus Manuel I Orders that a full ~ Scale Effort must be made to Transport the Germans across the Bosporus, who are making Trouble by Pillaging the Philopatium Palace. In the Byzantine Empire, King Conrad III Decides not to Wait for the French and Crosses over the Bosporus and into Asia Minor. Conrad III Leads the Holy Roman Crusaders to the City of Nicomedia where he Divides his Forces into Two Divisions: Conrad III takes the Knights and the Professional Soldiers across Seljuk Territory while the Baggage Train, Pilgrims, and a Defending Force under the Command of Bishop Otto of Freising Travel along the Mediterranean Coast. 1150 In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, King Philip II of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine Sail Back to France on Board Separate Sicilian Vessels. Upon Returning to Europe, many of the Crusaders will be Subject to Public Scorn because they, Christians, Failed to Recapture Edessa from the Infidels. 1160 The Seljuk Turks Invade the Indian Subcontinent in an Attempt to Oust the Rival Abbasid Caliphate, but are Defeated by the Abbasid Army near Delhi. The Caliph Responds with an Invasion of his Own and nearly reaches the Seljuk Capital of Isfahan before being Defeated and Forced to Retreat Back across the Indus. The Remaining Independent Non ~ Karakhitai Turkic Khaganate are Vassalised by the Chinese Empire. 1163 In the County of Tripoli, Emir Nūr al-Dīn of Aleppo and Mosul Vainly Besieges the Templar Fortress of Krak des Chevaliers. 1165 The Seljuks and the Abbasid Caliphate Sign a Peace Treaty, Establishing a Border between the Two Empires. 1171 In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Saladin Abolishes the Weak Fatimid Caliphate and Declares himself Vizier in the Name of Emir Nūr al-Dīn. For the First Time in History, there are no Claimants to the Caliphate in the Muslim World. 1177 In the Khmer Empire, Pirates from the Champa Kingdom Raid the Khmer Capital of Angkor Wat, Burning whole Districts, Looting its Holy Places, and Slaying King Tribhuvanāditya. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Usurper who came to Power by Murdering his Predecessor, Yasovarman II, and spent most of his putting down Pro ~ Yasovarman Revolts. His Death will be Mourned by few, and his Name will sometimes be Excluded from the Official Lists of Kings. 15th May In the Sultanate of Rum, Emir Nūr al-Dīn of Passes away at the Age of 56 inside the Citadel of Damascus. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as an Important Figure in the Second Crusade, who Dreamed of Uniting the Various Muslim Forces between the Euphrates and Nile Rivers against the Crusaders, who he [Correctly] Viewed as in who had come to Plunder the Land and Profaine its Sacred Places. Nevertheless, he was very Tolerant Towards Christians already Living under his Authority, Except for the Armenians of Edessa, and Regarded the Manuel I Komnenos with the deepest respect. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, upon Learning of Nūr al-Dīn’s Death, Saladin Bypasses Crusader Territory in Palestine and Invades Syria, Occupying Damascus. 1180 In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Saladin Intervenes in a Quarrel between the Seljuk Ruler Toghrul III and Nur al-Din Muhammad of the Ortoqid State of Eastern Asia Minor. He Persuades the Seljuks not to Interfere and Invades the Principality of Lesser Armenia. 1182 18th February In the Chinese Empire, some Prominent Army Generals cut their Allegiance to the Huangdi and Declare that they are now in Power. However, a Large Portion of the Army and the Population Huangdi Feiling, who Moves the Capital Back to the old City of Chang'an, where he sets up a Competing Government. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Crusader Castles of Montréal and Kerak are both Captured by the Egyptians. 1184 20th May In the Kingdom of Denmark, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick “Barbarossa” Demands that King Cnut IV of Denmark Recognise him as his Feudal Overlord. Cnut IV Refuses, however, and soon after, Pomerania Invades Denmark. The Invasion is Defeated, however. 1185 25th May In the Kingdom of Viken, King Niels II of Viken Passes away without any Children to Succeed him. He will be Remembered by Future Historians for helping to Establish the Custom of Primogeniture Succession Law in Viken as well as for Picking a Fight against King Harald V of Hordaland, who he Accused of Fermenting Rebellion in the Markamenn of his Borderlands, which Ended with him being Forced to Accept Harald as his Feudal Overlord. In the Kingdom of Viken, as King Niels II has Died with no Children to Succed him, the Lords of Viken Meet in an Althing to Elect a new Ruler from among themselves. His Half ~ Sister, Hildegard of Rugia, is Elected [Her Cousin, Prince Edmund of England, is Briefly Considered, but the Lords do not want to have to Deal with an Overmighty King] as Queen of Viken, in a Bid to Nip any Trouble in the Bud. The Lords of Rugia are still only Recent Converts to Christianity, having been Christianised by Successive Waves of Danish Missionaries and have been Inviting many Gothenlanders to Settle on their Lands. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, King Baldwin V of Jerusalem Passes away from Leprosy in the City of Jerusalem. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as being little more than a Pawn in the Dangerous Game of Politics in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, his Reign only lasting One Year and Dying before Reaching Maturity or before Producing an Heir. In the Kingdom of Denmark, King Cnut VI of Marries Gertrude of Saxony, the Daughter of Duke Bugislaw of Pomerania, Pulling Pomerania out of the Holy Roman Sphere of Influence forever. 6th December In the Kingdom of Portugal, King Afonso I of Portugal Passes away at the Age of 73 in Coimbra, , probably from a Sudden Cause of Death. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the First of an Independent Portuguese Nation, Revered by Portuguese Monarchists as a Hero both on Account of his Personal Character and as Founder of the Nation. There will be many Legendary Stories that it took 10 Men to Carry his Sword, or that Afonso wanted to Challenge the other Monarchs of to Single Combat but none Dared take up his Challenge. 1186 6th October In the Kingdom of Viken, Queen Hildegard of Rugia, after a Reign of only One Year, Abdicates under Pressure from the Nobility after old Fault Lines begin to Reopen, in Favour of her 8 ~ Year ~ old Son, Prince Wizlaw, who Ascends to the Throne as King Wizlaw I of Viken. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, after the Death of the Child King Baldwin V, his Mother, Sibylla, Ascends to the Throne as Queen of Jerusalem, and Appoints her Disfavoured Husband, Guy de Lusignan, as King Consort. 1187 4th July In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, an Egyptian Army ~ 20,000 Men under the Command of Pharaoh Ramesses ~ are Ordered by Pharaoh Ramesses XXII to Engage a Crusader Army ~ 18,000 Men under the Command of King Guy of Jerusalem ~ near the Village of Hittin, County of Galilee. During the Battle, of the Egyptian Army, 448 Men are Killed while, of the Crusader Army, 544 Men are Slain and 450 are taken Prisoner, Including King Guy of Jerusalem. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Gérard de Ridefort, Grand Master of The Knights Templar, is among those taken Prisoner by Ramesses XXII. Ramesses Offers to Spare Gérard’s Life if he can Persuade a Templar Fortress to Surrender Peacefully, which Gérard Agrees to do. Most Lower ~ Ranking Knights Templar and Knights of St. John Prisoners are Clumsily Executed by Muslim Clerics after Refusing to Allow their Families to Pay a Ransom for their Release, Except for a few who Agree to Defect and Fight for the Egyptians. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a Single Christian Nobleman, Balian of Ibelin, Escapes Hattin with a Retinue of 14 Knights after Negotiating Safe Passage with Ramesses XXII on the Understanding that Balian will Escort his Wife and Children to Tripoli and, from there, take a Ship Back to Europe. However, when he Arrives in Jerusalem, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Heraclius, Absolves him of his Oath and Tasks him with the City’s Defence. With no Knights in his Retinue Except for his 14 Companions, he Hastily Knights some Squires and Organises a Defence Force. 27th October In the Papal Kingdom, Pope-King Cyrus I sends Letters to the Holy Roman Episcopate Informing them of his Election and Ordering them to Win the German Nobility over to a new Crusade. 1189 6th July In the Kingdom of France, King Henry II of England Passes away at Château de Chinon in the Town of Chinon, Touraine Province, from a Bleeding Ulcer at the Age of 56. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Driving Force in the Creation of a Genuinely English Monarchy, while others will Argue that he was a “Legislator King,” whose Legal Reforms during his long Reign Laid the Groundwork for English Common Law, while his Intervention in Brittany-Maine, , and Scotland Dramatically Shaped the Development of those Countries’ Societies and Government Systems. His Disputes with French King Charles IV [which would, Eventually, Result in the Outbreak of the Twenty Years' War] will Attract Positive Patriotic Comment while his Role in the Martyrdom of Archbishop Thomas Becket will be Considered Praiseworthy by Lutherans, will Attract Popular Criticism from Catholics and Anglicans, who will also Criticise his Role as a Parent and as a bad Husband. 3rd September In the Kingdom of England, the Third Son of the Late King Henry II of England, Prince Arthur, is Crowned as King of England inside Westminster Abbey. To Raise Money for his long ~ Awaited Crusade against Egypt, he Immediately begins Selling Castles, Lordships, Privileges, and Towns. 1190 10th June In the Principality of Lesser Armenia, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I “Barbarossa” Drowns in the River Göksu while Washing himself near Silifke Castle. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Greatest Medieval Holy Roman Emperors, Combining Qualities that made him Appear almost Superhuman to his Contemporaries: his long Life, his Ambition, his Extraordinary Skills at Organisation, his Battlefield Acumen, and his Perspicacity. His Contribution to Central European will Include the Re ~ Establishment of the Corpus Juris Civilis, or the Roman Rule of Law after the Decline of Influence Following the Great Schism. German Legends will Speak of Frederick and his Knights Sleeping inside a Cave inside the Kyffhäuser Mountains in Thuringia and that when the Ravens Cease to Fly around the Mountain, he will Awaken and Restore Germany to its Ancient Greatness. 1191 7th September In the Egyptian Empire, an English Crusader Army ~ 1,321 Men under the Personal Command of King Arthur “the Lionheart” of ~ are Ambushed just outside the City of Apollonia, . During the Battle, of the English Crusader , 575 Men are , while, of the Egyptian Army, 1,510 Men are Slaughtered as they try to Escape, with 764 taken Prisoner. In the Egyptian Empire, when the Crusaders Arrive outside the Gates of Jerusalem, King Arthur “the Lionheart” quickly sees that, if the Crusaders try and Besiege Jerusalem, they might become Trapped by an Egyptian Relieving Army, Arthur instead sends a Message to Pharaoh Ramesses XXII Offering to Marry his Sister, Joan, [much to Joan’s Disgust] to Al-Adil I, the Brother of Saladin of Syria, in Exchange for the Crusaders being Allowed to Enter the City Peacefully. Initially, both Saladin and Ramesses are Inclined to Accept, as it would Mean an with and an End to the War. However, Clerics on both sides Oppose the Marriage, and Threaten King Arthur with Excommunication. 1192 11th December In the Byzantine Empire, while Returning to England from the Third Crusade, Sailing up the Adriatic, King Arthur “the Lionheart” is Captured by Byzantine Isaac II Angelos when bad Weather Forces his Ship to Dock in Corfu. Isaac Resents Arthur because of his Annexation of Cyprus, which had Formerly been Byzantine Territory. A Ransom of 150,000 Marks, Two to Three Times more than the Annual Income for the Crown is Dismissed by his Brother, Edmund, who begins to Assert Arthur is either Dead or otherwise Permanently lost. 1193 14th February In the Holy Roman Empire, a Trade Deal sees King Arthur “the Lionheart” Released from Captivity and into the Personal Service of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. While in Henry’s Service, Arthur Fights many Battles against Duke Philip of Swabia, Henry’s Rival for the Imperial Throne. Also, around this Time, Arthur Meets and starts Dating Princess Laurette of Hainault, a . 1196 In the Sultanate of Rum, the Christian Georgian/Armenian Armies Lead by Queen Tamar of Georgia and her Husband, King David Soslan, Reconquer the City of Theodosiopolis in Eastern Turkey from the Seljuks. 1198 8th January In the Papal Kingdom, Lotario de Conti is Elected as Pope-King of the Catholic Church, Succeding the Late Constantine II, in the Ruins of the Ancient Septizodium in Rome, taking the Regnal Name Innocent III after his Predecessor, Innocent II. He Immediately Issues the Papal Bull Post Miserabile, Calling for a Fourth Crusade to Recapture the Holy Land for the Christian Faith. 1st July In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, King Aimery of Cyprus and Jerusalem Signs a Treaty of Peace with Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses XXII, Securing for the Crusaders the Coast all the way from Acre to Antioch. The Byzantine Basileus Alexios III Angelos, has not given up the Dream of Reconquering Cyprus and Offers to help a new Crusade if Pope-King Innocent III Excommunicates Aimery. Innocent III Refuses along the Grounds that the Byzantines had lost Cyprus to the Knights Templar after King Arthur the Lionheart Sold the Island to them in 1192. 1199 6th April In the Kingdom of France, King Arthur the Lionheart is Slain in Battle after being Shot in the Neck by a Crossbowman while Leading his Troops Besieging the Castle at Châlus, Duchy of Aquitaine. He will be Rememberd by Future Historians as a Brilliant General and a Fierce Warrior-King who Commanded the Loyalty of his Troops and his Nobles, but also a rather Poor Ruler and a bad Husband. Publically, he will be a Revered Figure both in England and in France, Renowned for his Heroism in Battle, and his Leadership during the Third Crusade, but also because of his Association with the Legends of Robin Hood. He will also be Famous for his Coat of Arms ~ Three Yellow Lions against a Red Field ~ which will be used by Several Sports Clubs [Including the England National Football Team] and will, Eventually, be Adopted as the Flag of England. 27th May In the Kingdom of England, Prince Edmund, the Youngest Son of King Henry II of England, is Crowned as King Edmund I of England inside Westminster Abbey by his Mother, Queen Dowager Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1200 In the Fatimid Caliphate, the Arabs Learn the Formula for Gunpowder from the Chinese, but, as of this Time, its Military Potential has not yet been Realised. Within Five Years, the Formula is Learned by Egyptian Scientists, and, from there, Passes to Europe. 1201 In the Earldom of Orkney, Caithness is Invaded by a huge Scottish Army. Earl Harald Maddadsson Capitulates and Agrees to Recognise King Malcolm V of Scotland as his Feudal Overlord. 1202 In the Most Serene Republic of Venice, the Main Host of the Fourth Crusade, Consisting mostly of Men Drawn from the Kingdom of France, the Duchy of Burgundy, the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, and the Kingdom of Flanders, begin to Gather in the Venetian Lagoon. 1203 In the Kingdom of Hungary, already Divided and Partially Excommunicated over the Attack on Zara, the Remnants of the Fourth Crusade are Diverted to Capture Constantinople on Behalf of the Byzantine Prince Alexios. In Exchange, Prince Alexios Offers to Wipe the Venetian Debt and Provide 20,000 Men for the Crusade. 1204 13th April In the Byzantine Empire, with nothing left to lose, the Crusaders Assault Constantinople itself, Burning and Plundering the City for Three Days. Forces from Venice Rip the Famous Bronze Horses from the Hippodrome and Carry them Back to Venice to Adorn the Façade of Saint Mark’s Basilica. Even the Tombs of the Emperors Resting in the Church of The Holy Apostles are Systematically Plundered by the Crusader Army, and the very Altars of the Churches are Smashed and torn to Pieces for their Gold and Marble by the Warriors. The Civilian Population of Constantinople are also Subject to the Crusaders’ Ruthless Lust for Spoils and Glory; Thousands are Killed in cold Blood, and Women, Including Nuns, are Raped by the Crusader Army. Basileus Alexios V Doukas, Accompanied by Basilissa Eudokia Angelina and her Family, Flee the City and Escape to Mosynopolis on Board a Fishing Boat. In the Kingdom of Thessaly, Boniface I Sets out to Conquer the City of Thessaloniki, the Second ~ largest City in Greece. [at First, he has to Compete against Latin Emperor Baldwin I, who also wants the ] In the Duchy of Athens, Othon de la Roche, a Minor Burgundian Knight of the Fourth Crusade, is Awarded the City of Athens by Boniface I. De la Roche Declares himself “Lord of Athens” and Establishes a Crusader State in Attica under the Suzerainty of the Kingdom of Thessaly. 1205 In the City of Nicaea, Theme of Opsikion, Theodore I Laskaris is Crowned as Basileus of the Byzantine Empire, thus beginning the Empire of Nicaea and the Laskaris Dynasty of Rulers. 14th April In the Latin Empire, at Adrianople, a Combined Bulgarian/Cumanian Army Commanded by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria Decisively Crush the Venetian/ Latin Army Commanded by Baldwin I and Enrico Dandolo. Latin Emperor Baldwin I is Killed during the Battle and the Latin Aristocracy in Constantinople fall into Squabbling over the Succession. 1208 In the Egyptian Empire, Learning of the Trouble the Seljuks are having with the Khwarezm Emirate, Pharaoh Ramesses XXII Declares War against the Seljuks and Egyptian Armies Invade Mesopotamia. 1213 In the Sri Vijayan Empire, a Nation highly Dependent on International Trade Wealth, is not Able to send its Ships through the Red Sea or the newly re ~ opened Suez Canal that lets Boats continue to the Mediterranean Sea and, hence, to Europe. The Non ~ stop Wars between the Powers in that Region have deeply Hurt the International Trade Situation, which had Flourished before the Break up of China. It is because of this Situation and its bad Effects for Sri Vijaya that Sri Vijaya begins to send out Missions of Exploration to try and Discover an Alternative Route to Europe. In the Kingdom of Madagascar, the Sri Vijayan Explorers come upon Madagascar, Landing in the Northernmost State of Antsiranana, which has Fallen on Hard Times since the Collapse of the Kingdom. The Legacy of the Satavahana can be seen in the Crumbling Buildings and in the large Ports which are now Shadows of their Former Selves. In Antsiranana, a Growing Alliance of Northern City-States has Provided some Semblance of Law and Order, and Minimal Trade with each other, but the Jungles have made the Central Portion of the Island difficult to Navigate since they have taken the Roads again. On Board the Ship is a Native Barito Speaker from Borneo. This Man, upon Hearing the Natives of Madagascar, is Able to Understand most of what they say. This Discovery Facilitates Communication and Instantly brings the Two Disparate Communities together, and the Sri Vijayans Learn of the Satavahana Kingdom’s Fate. When the Sri Vijayans Ask King Andry of Antsiranana if the City-States of Madagascar would like to become a Sri Vijayan Colony, King Andry of Antsiranana Speaks of the Fiercely Independent Spirit of many of the Leaders of Madagascar, who will React Violently if the Seek to change the Government and Remove the Leaders, but otherwise King Andry Believes that most of the City-States will Invite the Sri Vijayans since they are Known to be Wealthy and have a Strong Trading Network. 1215 In the Kingdom of England, King Edmund I of England Rejects Magna Carta, Declaring himself to be a Vassal. Outraged, the English Nobility, Faced with an Uncompromising King, turn to Louis “the Lion” of France, the Son and Heir Apparent of King of France [and Grandson ~ in ~ Law of the Late King Henry II of England] and Offer him the Throne. Initially, Louis only sends a Contingent of Knights to help Defend London. In the Khwarezm Emirate, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm Declares War against Egypt and Invades Mesopotamia. His Army is Defeated and Retreats Back into Persia. However, no Treaty is Signed, and, over the next Four Years, Khwarezm will Invade the new Egyptian Province. 1216 19th October In the Kingdom of England, King Edmund I Passes away from Dysentery inside Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, at the Age of 49. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as One of the worst Kings of England’s History, an Abysmal Ruler who had none of his Famous Brother’s Commanding Personality or Charm. He will be Blamed for Leading England to Defeat during the Twenty Years' War, Resulting in the Transfer of many English Continental Possessions Gained during his Father’s Reign [Except for Normandy and the English Channel Islands] to Brittany-Maine and France. To the General Public, he will also be Regarded as a Villain, Primarily due to his Rejection of the Magna Carta, which would Trigger the First Baron’s War at the End of his Reign, but also due to his Association with the Legends of Robin Hood, in which he [and his Brother, Arthur] will be Major Characters. 1218 The Champa Kingdom once again Reasserts its Independence from the Khmer Empire upon the Death of King Jayavarman VII.