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Jewish Pirates - Lies - Extra History (Patreon)

Published:
2021-05-21 17:31:00
Imported:
2026-06
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Content

The Recommended Reading List

A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe by Mercedes Garcia-Arenal & Gerard Wiegers 

Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean by Edward Kritzler 

The Barbary Pirates 15th - 17th Centuries by Angus Konstam 

Empires of the Sea by Roger Crowley 

Files

Previews only

Jewish Pirates - Lies - Extra History

Welcome Extra Historians to Lies, where we talk about the mistakes we made and the details we couldn't quite squeeze into the episode proper. All the flags we flipped and who was Sinan Reis? (We are all Sinan Reis) If you want to check out our recommended reading, you can find it on our Patreon page: Timestamps! 0:00 - Recommended Reading/General Questions 9:00 - Episode 1 11:00 - Episode 2 16:27 - Episode 3 19:13 - Episode 4 21:07 - Next on Extra History 22:40 - Ibn Battuta Side Trip ___________ Support the people who make this show, vote for future Extra History topics and get great perks at our Patreon! http://bit.ly/EHPatreon Subscribe & ! to our channel on YouTube at http://bit.ly/SubToEC Got more info about Extra Credits on our website at http://extracredits.site/ Grab your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://extracredits.store/ ___________ Thanks for participating in this week's discussion! We want you to be aware of our community posting guidelines so that we can have high-quality conversations: https://www.extracredits.site/extra-credits-community-code-of-con Come chat with us live on Twitch http://bit.ly/ECtwitch ___________ Want more Extra Credits? Follow us on social media: Twitter : http://bit.ly/ECTweet Facebook : http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Instagram : http://bit.ly/ECisonInstagram ___________ ♪ Get the intro music here! http://bit.ly/1EQA5N7 *Music by Demetori: http://bit.ly/1AaJG4H ♪ Outro music: "Los Piratas Judios" by Tiffany Roman http://www.tiffanyromanlouk.com

Comments

Martin Verran

I wonder how long before I get to bring up Captain Pugwash again in the Comments section?

Martin Verran
>>60304629

I don't know about you but I'm looking forward to learning more about the 30 Year's War and Vlad the Impaler in the next two series. 1400 16th September In the Kingdom of England, Welsh Leader Owain Glyndŵr Assumes his Ancestral Title, Prince of Powys, in the Presence of his Eldest Son, Gruffudd, his Brothers-in-Law, and Bishop John Trevor of St. Asaph, Signalling the beginning of an Armed Rebellion against the English. The First Welsh War of Independence has begun. In the Sultanate of Rum, an Earthquake in the City of Bodrum, , Shatters the Columns of the Mausoleum of Mausolus, sending the Bronze Chariot Crashing down and leaving only the Base still Recognisable. By this Time, the Chinese Empire has been Extending its Power out to Sea for the last 300 Years. To Satisfy ever Growing Demand for special Spices, Medicinal Herbs, and Raw Materials, Chinese Merchants have Developed a Rich Trading Network Extending from the Islands of Southeast Asia to the Fringes of the Indian Ocean. Yet, Despite the Fact that their Ships have been Trading in the same Region for Several Centuries, Egypt and China have had no Direct Contact. No Egyptian Ship has Travelled as far as China, and no Chinese Ship has Paid a call on an Egyptian Port. This is about to change. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, China has reached a Peak of Naval Technology Unsurpassed [at least for now] anywhere in the World. Using many Technologies of Chinese Invention, Chinese Shipwrights have also Combined Technologies they have Borrowed and Adapted from the Seafarers of Sri Vijaya and Japan. Advances such as Double ~ Hulled Ships Divided into Separate Watertight Compartments, the Sternpost Rudder, Lanteen Sails, and the Magnetic Compass, have Combined to Produce Ships far Superior to anything in Europe or Asia. Both the Song Dynasty, and their Successor, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, Encouraged Commercial Activity and Maritime Trade, so the Succeding Ming Dynasty Inherits large Shipyards, many Skilled Shipwrights, and Finely Tuned Naval Technology from the Dynasty that Preceded it. By this Time, Pressure from Vinland to the North has Lead to the Formation of a Native American State to the South. This Confederation of Chiefdoms, Called the Kingdom of Mvskokia, is a Based on the old Southeastern Mississippian , with the Addition of Iron Working and European Domestic Animals. The Population in this has Recovered quite Strongly from the Epidemics brought by the over the Past few Decades, and they Receive help from a Surprising Source: Aragon, who, having Established their in the Caribbean, find the Mvskokians a useful Buffer between their Own and those of Vinland to the North. Aragonese Supply Firearms and Ammunition, which Strengthens the Resistance the Mvskokians are Able to put up against Vinlandic Incursions into their . The Aragonese also Sign a Treaty Pledging to come to Mvskokia’s Defence should Vinland Attempt to Invade the . Vinland does not Attempt to do so, and the Mvskokians are Able to Maintain themselves in a somewhat Uneasy Peace for the next 200 Years. 1402 In the Emirate of Granada, Emir Muhammad VII of Granada “Neglects” to send Aid to Castile during a against . After this, Granada is Effectively Free and, Increasingly, they can Pocket the Gold from the Saharan Trade Routes for themselves. 1403 In the Chinese Empire, the new Ming Emperor, Huangdi Zhu Di, Known to History as the Yongle Emperor, wanting to Impress China’s Power upon the World, as well as Show off China’s Resources and Importance, Orders the Construction of Special “Treasure Ships,” Ships over 400 Foot long, 160 Foot wide, with Nine Masts, Twelve Sails, and Four Decks, each large enough to Carry 2,500 Tons of Cargo, each Armed with Dozens of small Cannons. Accompanying those Ships will be Hundreds of smaller Vessels, some Filled only with Water, others carrying Troops, or Horses, or Cannons, still others with Gifts of Silk and Brocades, Porcelain, Lacquerware, Tea, and Ironworks that will Impress the Rulers of far ~ Flung Civilizations. The Yongle Emperor Selects Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch, to Command this Fleet of Exploration. In the Chinese Empire, the Yongle Emperor Orders the Rebuilding and Expansion of the Great Wall. While Parts of the Wall have Existed since the Time of the Qin Dynasty, only now is it Built into the One continuous Fortified Structure we Know today. 1405 11th July In the Vijayanagara Empire, Admiral Zheng He’s Treasure Fleet of 317 Ships stops in Champa, the Khmer Empire, and then on to the Islands of Sri Vijaya, to Points along the Strait of Malacca before Proceeding to its Main Destination of Kozhikode, in the Empire of Vijayanagara in Southern India. 1407 In the Vijayanagara Empire, Admiral Zheng He takes 68 Ships to the Court of Vijayanagara to Attend the Coronation of a new King. 1409 In the Chinese Empire, Chinese Troops Conduct Notably Destructive Punitive Raids against the Mongols, and the Mongols themselves make Several Incursions into China. In the Kingdom of Sri Lanka, Admiral Zheng He takes the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet, with 48 large Ships and 30,000 Troops, Visiting many of the same Sites as well as Malacca City on the Malay Peninsula and the Kingdom of Sri Lanka. 1413 In the Persian Empire, Admiral Zheng He takes the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet of 63 Ships and over 28,000 Men to many of the same Sites as well as the Strait of Hormuz on the Persian Gulf. 1417 In the Egyptian Empire, Admiral Zheng He takes the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet further than ever before, First to the Port of Aden along the Red Sea and then on to the East Coast of Africa, stopping off in the Egyptian Port City of Mogadishu, Puntland. Egyptian Officials Invite Zheng He to Visit the Pharaoh in his Capital City at Sais, and Zheng He Accepts. 1420 In the Egyptian Empire, Admiral Zheng He and the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet Sail through the Suez Canal and into the River Nile, Arriving in Sais. He is very Interested to Discover that Egypt Boasts a Civilization far older than that of his Own Empire, a Fact that is Reinforced after Pharaoh Psamtik XVI takes the Chinese Admiral for a Tour down the River Nile on the Royal Barge, Showing him the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx, and the Ruined Temple Complexes at Karnak and Abu Simbel, among other things, all of which Impress him Mightily. The Pharaoh, for his Part, is Impressed with the huge Chinese Ships and Especially with the large Number of fine Porcelain and Silks that Zheng He’s Fleet have brought with them. Both Items have been Available for Centuries in Limited Numbers, via Trade with Chinese Merchants in India, or via a Dangerous Overland Route Known as “the Silk Road,” but now the Dazzling Opportunity for large ~ Scale Import Presents itself, and the Pharaoh is very Desirous of Establishing Formal Relations, Including Trade. Therefore, when Zheng He Returns to China, he brings with him an Ambassador from Egypt. It will be the beginning of a long and Mutually Profitable Relationship between the Two Powers. 5th August In the Principality of Wales, Owain IV, Prince of Wales, is Slain in Battle at the Age of 71 in the Welsh March. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Founding Father of the Modern Kingdom of Wales, Famous for Leading his Countrymen First to Victory and Independence from the Deeply Hated Oppressor, King Henry IV of England during the First Welsh War of Independence and then, later on, against his Son, King Henry V of England, during the Second Aquitainian War. [although he had to Acknowledge Henry V as his Feudal Overlord to keep Wales from a Return to English Rule under the Terms of the Treaty of ] Welsh Mythology will Recreate Owain IV as the Hero Sleeping quietly in the Hills, Awaiting the Day when Wales will once again Call on the help of someone Bold, very similar to the Legends Surrounding King Arthur. He will also be Recreated as “Owen Glendower” by the 16th Century English Playwright William Shakespeare in the Play Henry IV Part One, a Role that will be much Sought after by Welsh Actors, as a Wild and Exotic Man Ruled by Magic and Tradition. 1422 31st August In the Kingdom of France, King Henry V of England Passes away at the Age of 35 from Dysentery inside Château de Vincennes, Île-de-France. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as One of the Great Warrior Kings of Medieval England, Immortalised in the Plays of William Shakespeare, most Famous for his Military Success against France during the Second Aquitainian War, most Notably his Victory at the Battle of Agincourt, making England One of the Strongest Military Powers in Europe. In the Chinese Empire, Admiral Zheng He and the Egyptian Ambassador Arrive at the Court of Huangdi Zhu Di of Ming China. Formal are Established between the Two Powers and Trade Agreements are reached. A Chinese Ambassador is Dispatched to Egypt. 1423 In the Empire, in this Year, the First Egyptian Trading Ships Call at Chinese Ports and Chinese Ships begin Regularly Visiting Egyptian Ports, and the Chinese Ambassador takes up Residence in Sais. 1426 12th September In the Kingdom of Denmark, a Son, Eric, is Born in the Danish Capital City of Copenhagen, Capital Region, to King Eric VII of Denmark and his Wife, Queen Elizabeth of Viken. 1431 In the Khmer Empire, the Kingdom of Siam Invades the Khmer Empire. 1444 In the Kingdom of Denmark, King Eric VIII Decides that, while Denmark is a Catholic State, its Relations with the Holy Father are not the best. As the Papacy Wields Considerable Power, it would be Wise to Improve the Situation, otherwise others, held in Higher Regard, might Speak Ill of Denmark to the Holy Father. In the Kingdom of Denmark, a Diplomat is sent to the Papal Kingdom to the Court of Pope-King Eugene IV in the Papal Capital City of Rome, Province of Latium, with the Goal of Improving the Diplomatic Relations between the Two Countries. 1446 15th February In the Kingdom of Denmark, ever since the Treaty of Kalmar was Signed in 1431, it has been Stipulated that the Crowns of Viken, Svealand, and Denmark rest on One Head. Denmark is the Seat of this Union, the Dominant State of the North and a would-be Contender to the Influence of the Hanseatic League. Newly Crowned King Eric VIII has not Inherited a Baltic Empire, however; his Predecessor Died Three Months after his Coronation. While the Recently Introduced Sound Toll is a Great Source of Income the Crown has also been Forced to Pawn many of its Lands to the Noble Families of Thott, Gyldenstjerne, Rosenkrantz, Ronnow, and Frille to Pay for the many Expenses of keeping the Union together and the Failed Wars of his Predecessors. If he is to Prevent Royal Power from Weakening, he must get that Land Back by any Means Possible. 1450 1st January In the Italian Peninsula, Humanism has Grown into a more Mature Movement, Analysing the Society in which they Live and Comparing it to the Ideals of the Classical Philosophers, ready to Penetrate all Aspects of Society. A new Ideal for Rulers as well as for those who are Ruled is Spreading quickly as the Early Printers can Distribute Copies of these new Ideas. A True Renaissance Humanist is an Expert on everything from Politics to Art, Textual Analysis, Music, and Architecture. The Renaissance has begun, and is now ready to Reshape the World to better fit its Classical Ideals. In the Sri Vijayan Empire, the Great Age of Sri Vijayan Sailing is Drawing to its Close. The larger Populations that the American Crops have Created have Caused a Shortage of Wood in some Places. As a Direct Consequence of Building the Great Chinese ~ Style Junks that the Sri Vijayans need for Travelling the Oceans is often seen as a Waste of Resources. The Sri Vijayans have Sailed as far as is Humanly Possible with the Technology they Currently have, and the Islands of their Archipelago are well Populated. There is no more Virgin Land for them to Sail and Trade over Thousands of Miles for Tools and Slaves is just not Worth it. Sri Vijaya itself Remains an Ocean ~ going Empire and continue to Sail for vast Distances ~ Persian Shahs still Dine on Sri Vijayan Cuisine, Arabian Women still Regularly Scent themselves with Sri Vijayan Perfumes, and European Kings are still Prepared to Pay Jaw ~ Dropping Prices for the latest Oriental Fashions [much to the Disgust of the Religious Authorities] but these Voyages are now the Exception rather than a way of Life. In the United Maori States, the Age of Kingship is now beginning as the now Regular Food Surpluses Developed North of the 40th Parallel are given a Military Application. Before the Spread of the Temperate Maize Cultivars, Supplies have always been Limited during War. Now, instead of Briefly Campaigning before Returning Home when the Supplies run out, Warriors can bring Packs of Corn to Eat with them and Stretch their Ability to stay in the Field. With this Development, Wars in New Zealand are becoming longer and the Stakes for them Grow higher. Instead of Enslavement, Vendettas, and Petty Feuds, larger Wars of Conquest are now Possible with the more Powerful [and better Fed] Chiefs Subduing and Subsuming their Rivals into their Political Control and Create large Kingdoms. Losing a War is Rarely a Disaster in New Zealand. Survivors are Merely told to keep Farming and give the Surplus to a more Distant Chiefs. If they do not Farm Intensively, then the new Cultivars of Maize will be Introduced and Farming will Commence. The Elites ~ Chiefs and their Families ~ are Simply made to Swear to the Victorious and then left as “Bureaucrats” who Supervise the new Conquest on Behalf of the Conqueror, which in Practice Means not a lot changes from Ruling it themselves. There are some Wars that turn Nasty with Chiefdoms Threatening to Wipe each other out but these Wars End less often in Massacre and more usually in Enslavement as the Economic Value of Labourers for Farms is too Great to be Ignored. Some Refugees Fleeing from this Fate Move to the Southern Island, Fighting with the People who are already Living there and Driving them to Sail out to the Islands ~ a Final Chapter of the Glorious Polynesian Expansion. 1462 In the Egyptian Empire, Pharaoh Necho XV Issues an Edict Outlawing Slavery. Despite some Resistance from among the Nemhu [Especially in Ophir, wherein Slavery Remains somewhat useful and Important in the Mining Operations there] the Measure is Ratified by the Council of the 400 Elders. 1463 In the Egyptian Empire, fed up with being, as they see it, under ~ Represented on the Council of 400 Elders which Advises the Pharaoh [ Proper Receives 200 out of the 400 Seats on the Council under the Current Constitution, while the Nemhu of the other Provinces Share out the Remaining Members, with Ophir Receiving the Lion’s Share, but is, nevertheless, not, in any way, Shape, or Form Analogus to their Portion of the Population of the Empire] and the last Straw is Necho XV’s Edict for the Abolition of Slavery which is Heavily Favoured by the Nemhu of Proper and other Provinces of the Empire, but is Completely Rejected by the Nemhu of Ophir. And so the Nemhu of Ophir Rise in and Succeed in Temporarily Establishing the Independence of their Province from the Empire. Indeed, Controlling the Rich Gold Mines of the Region as they do, they are able [via Merchants from the Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Zulu Republic] to Import large Quantities of Arms and other Military Supplies [from the Byzantines, the Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Kalmar Union] and are therefore able to Field a large Army. Of Course the Pharaoh cannot Allow Ophir, the Foundation of his Imperial Treasury, to Secede from the Empire and sends his Armies South. The Great has begun. 1470 In the Egyptian Empire, the Great comes to an End when Pharaoh Necho XV Offers an Amnesty to the if they Surrender and Promises to Amend the Imperial Constitution which Portions out Seats on the Council of The 400 Elders among the Various Provinces on the Basis of Population. The Nemhu of Ophir Accept this and lay down their Arms. Despite the Offer of an Amnesty, Necho has the Ringleaders Rounded up and Fed to the Crocodiles in the Temple of Sobek. Necho, however, keeps his Promise Regarding Constitutional changes, which he, like his Ancestor Psamtik XV, has Engraved for all Time on the Walls of the Temple of Karnak. The Nemhu of Egypt Proper End up with 120 Seats on the Council and the Nemhu of Ophir 100. 28th November In the Vietnamese Empire, Vietnamese Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Vietnam Launches a Naval Invasion of the Champa Kingdom, beginning the Vietnamese-Cham War. 1471 21st May In the Kingdom of England, the Deposed King of England, Henry VI, is Murdered at the Age of 49 either by or on the Orders of King Edward IV inside Wakefield Tower of the Tower of London. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Weak ~ Willed, Mentally Unstable Monarch, the last Ruler from the House of Lancaster, a Cadet Branch of the Royal House of Plantagenet, as well as for having been the loser of the Wars of The Lions and the Third Aquitainian War. Informally, some will Regard him as a Saint and Martyr, with Miracles being Attributed to him after his Death, although he will never be Canonized. 1473 In the Byzantine Empire, the “Turkish Wars,” [also Known as the “Reconquista”,] a long, slow Reconquest of the Anatolian Peninsula from the Various Turkish Beyliks, begins. It will be Marked by short Bursts of Activity Followed by long Periods of Consolidation, with Byzantium Gradually Eating away at the Beyliks, Playing them off against each other, Accepting others as Vassals and even Converting One or Two of them to Orthodox Christianity and even using them to Eradicate the Remaining Byzantine Greek States. 1478 1st November In the Kingdom of Spain, Queen Eleanor II of Spain is Granted a Papal Bull by Pope-King Heraclius IV giving her Permission to Select and Appoint Two or Three Priests over 40 Years of Age to Act as Inquisitors. 1487 In the Kingdom of Portugal, by Royal Charter, King John II of Portugal Provides for a Permanent Settlement on Verao Island on the same Line as Madeira and the Azores. Due to the vast Distance from Mainland Portugal [and Occasional Difficulties in finding it] Portugal will often have to rely on Vinland to keep the Population of the new Colony from Starving. 1492 12th October The Inhabitants of the Island of Guanahani Discover a Trio of Ships Sailing Towards their Land. They look like Massive Versions of the Carib or Vinlandic Trading Vessels that Regularly Circle the Island. As the Ships Approach, the Islanders Confer and Decide to Greet them as they would any other Traders, sending out their Own Boats with a few Men of good Standing Dressed in their Finery, Bearing the Customary Gift of a small Peccary. They have somewhat Understood the Intention of the Visitors, but they have Severely Underestimated their Character. The Ships’ Leader, Christopher Columbus, Notices the Gold Jewellery some of the Men Wear and Orders they be taken Hostage. In the Ensuing Struggle, One of the Men is Killed while the others are Subdued and taken below Decks. The Jewellery is Stripped off the Body of the Dead Man and a Boat is sent out to Parlay with the Islanders to get more Gold for the Ransom. Upon seeing the Jewellery, the Islanders Assume the Men have all been Murdered and Attack the Landing Party, Killing Several of them. Columbus will have to look elsewhere to get his Gold. Columbus’s Attempts to Interrogate the Confused and Frightened Hostages Eventually Bears Fruit in that some of them Point West ~ either to State that’s where the Gold Bearing Trade Ships come from or because that’s where Home is in Relation to the Ships and they want to go Home, but Columbus chooses to Believe the Former. He will Sail West, taking the Unfortunate Hostages with him. 28th October In the Taino Sea, the People on the Northern Coast of Coabana Spot Columbus’s Ships Sailing Towards them. Once again, the Ships Cause Consternation which Leads to a Consensus for the Traditional Greetings, but this Time the Locals do not send out Boats to Greet the newcomers, for that is not their way. Instead, they set up their Markets on the Beach with the Local Goods: Shells, Pearls, and Allspice. They also have Gold/Silver Alloy Jewellery, but React with Surprise when Columbus and his Men Attempt to Trade for them. Generally, the People of Coabana Buy Gold from other People ~ it is not something they Sell. Columbus does get Gold in Exchange for his Coloured Furs but he will also bring Back with him a large Cargo of Allspice, another Potential Source for Wealth but not the Instantaneous Wealth that Columbus had Hoped for. Columbus could have gotten more Gold out of the Deal but his Greed and that of his Men Destroyed any Plans for Trade. The Rape of a Market Woman by Spanish Sailors Triggers a Riot and Columbus and his Men are Driven off the Island by a Hail of Arrows. This is not the End of his Problems, however. 1495 In the Egyptian Empire, the First Prototype Flintlock Firing Mechanisms Simultaneously Appear in both Egypt and in Spain. Compared with the tried and Tested Matchlock, they are still rather Tempremental and Expensive to Manufacture, and so do not Gain Immediate Acceptance. 1496 In the Sultanate of Turkiye, the Second ~ to ~ last Independent Turkic is Conquered by the Byzantine Imperial Army. Only a tiny Turkic State Ruled by the House of Osman Remains as a Byzantine Vassal but its Ruler Mehmed II is, nevertheless, Granted the Title of Sultan by Byzantine Basileus Andreas III. 1497 In the Khanate of Ferghana, Babur, a Descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, Ascends to the Throne at the Age of 11. 1499 The Kingdom of Hordaland Annexes the Faroes Islands to “Protect” them from the English. 1500 In the Songhai Empire, Askia “the Great,” Ruler of the Songhai Empire, Declares War against the Kingdom of Kanem-Bornu. 1501 In the Khanate of Ferghana, Babur again lays Siege to Samarkand and Briefly Captures the , only to, in Turn, be Besieged by his Rival, Muhammad Shaybani, of the . The Situation becomes such that Babur is Compelled to give his Sister, Khanzada, to Shaybani in Marriage as a Part of the Peace Settlement. Only after this are Babur and his Troops Allowed to leave Safely. 1504 In the Arghun Empire, Babur Besieges and Conquers Kabul from the Remaining Arghuns, Gaining a new Kingdom and a Temporary Respite from his Uzbek Troubles. 1505 The Catholic League Adopts a Mercantilist Policy Excluding Egyptian and Kalmar Traders from Catholic ~ Owned Ports in the New World. Both Egypt and the Kalmar Union Protest but tak no further Action at this Time. 2nd July In the Holy Roman Empire, 22 ~ Year ~ old Martin Luther is Returning to the University of Erfurt on Horseback when he becomes Caught in a Storm. Luther is Thrown from his Horse when a Bolt of Lightning Strikes the Ground nearby. Terrified of Death and Divine Judgement, Luther cries out, “Help! Saint Anne, I’ll become a Monk!” He, later, comes to View this cry for help as a Vow he can never Break. 17th July In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther leaves the University of Erfurt, Sells his Books, and Enters St. Augustine's Monastery. His Father, Hans, is Furious about what he Considers as a Waste of Martin’s Education. Ambitious for himself and for his Family, Hans Demands that Martin ~ his Eldest Son ~ Honour his Father and Mother by becoming a Lawyer. 1507 4th July In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther is Ordained as a Priest of the Roman Catholic Church. 2nd May In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther Celebrates his First Mass inside St. Augustine's in Erfurt, . Luther’s Father, Hans, having come to Terms with Martin’s Decision to become a Monk, Attends the Service with 20 Companions and makes a large Donation to St. Augustine's Monastery. 1509 21st April In the Kingdom of England, King Henry VII Passes away at the Age of 52 from Tuberculosis in the Palace of Richmond, London, Greater London. He will be Remembered by Future Historians mostly for Launching the Tudor Age, a Time of Expansion, Optimism, and Economic Prosperity, for Overthrowing the Plantagenet Dynasty, who had Ruled since 1154, and for Successfully Restoring the Power and Stability of the English Monarchy after the Wars of The Roses. For the Public, he will be rather Obscure, Overshadowed by his more Famous [or Infamous] Son and Successor, Henry VIII. 23rd April In the Kingdom of England, King Henry VIII of England Marries the 23 ~ Year ~ old Princess Catherine of Aragon in a Private Ceremony outside of the Palace of Placentia, Greenwich. 1510 In the Icelandic Commonwealth, the Kingdom of Hordaland sends a Fleet to try and Force the Island to Submit to Hordalandic Rule, much as Hordaland has done to the Earldom of Orkney and the Faroes Islands. Fearing that Greenland will be next on Hordaland’s List, the Queendom of Vinland sends a Fleet to Supply the Island with Food and Materials. 2nd December In the Persian Empire, Muhammad Shaybani is Slain in Battle against the Persians near Merv, Persia, while trying to Escape. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Uzbek Leader who Consolidated the Various Uzbek Tribes and Laid the Foundations for their Ascendancy in Transoxiana and the Establishment of the Emirate of Bukhara. The Islamic Author Nisari Recognised Shaybani as a Scholar of the Quran, and he Maintained Ties with the Distant Byzantine Empire. 1517 31st October In the Electorate of Saxony, Angry over continued Clerical Abuses, Martin Luther Nails his Ninety ~ Five Theses to the Door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt. He also Encloses a Copy in a Letter to his Bishop, Albert of Mainz, Complaining about the Sale of Indulgences to help Pay for the Rebuilding of the Apostolic Palace in the City of Rome, Latium. The Protestant Reformation has begun. 1519 20th September In the Kingdom of Spain, the Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets Sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Southern Spain, with Five Ships and 270 Men, most of whom are from Spain, to find a Western Route to the Maluku Islands in Sri Vijaya and Trade for Spices. In the Kingdom of Spain, Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition Lands in the Spanish ~ Owned Canary Islands to stop for Supplies, as they are Cheaper there than they are in Europe. During the stop, Magellan Receives a Secret Letter from his Father-in-Law, Duarte Barbosa, saying that a Group of his Castillian Officers are Planning a Mutiny and Names Juan de Cartagena [the Captain of the San Antonio] as the Principal Conspirator. Magellan also Learns that the King of Portugal, Sigismund I, has sent a Fleet of Two Caravels to Arrest him. 29th November In the Kingdom of England, King Henry VIII of England has become Frustrated by his Wife, Queen Catherine of Aragon’s Inability to Produce the Healthy Male Heir he so Desperately wants and needs to Ensure the Succession, and his Wandering Eye has fallen on another Woman: Elizabeth Blount, a 19 ~ Year ~ old Maid of Honour to Queen Catherine. 13th December In Portuguese Brazil, upon Reaching Rio de Janeiro and seeing that there are no Ships in the Harbour, Magellan Knows that it is Safe for him to stop and Repair his Ships and Stock up on Fresh Water and Supplies. It has not Rained for Two Months before the Spanish had Arrived, and on the Day they Arrive it begins to Rain, on which Account the Tupi say they have come from Heaven and had brought the Rains with them, and it is Easy for the Spanish to Persuade the Tupi to Convert to Roman Catholicism. The Fleet has brought with them a Great Quantity of Trinkets such as Mirrors, Combs, Knives and Bells Intended for Trade and the Tupi Readily Exchange these for Local Goods such as Parrot Feathers. The Sailors also find that Tupi Women are Willing to Exchange Goods for Sexual Favours. 20th December In Portuguese Brazil, during the Ocean Crossing, the Victoria’s Boatswain, Antonio Salamon, is Caught in an Act of Sodomy with a Cabin Boy, Antonio Ginoves. At this Time, Homosexuality is an Offence Punishable by Death in Spain, though, in Practice, Sex between Men is a very Common Occurrence during long Ocean Voyages. Magellan holds a Trial on Board the Trinidad and Salamon is found Guilty and Sentenced to be Executed by Strangling when the Fleet Arrives in Rio de Janeiro. The Fate of Ginovés will Remain unclear; he is either Thrown Overboard or the Taunting of his Fellow Sailors becomes so bad that he Commits Suicide by Jumping Overboard in Despair. In Portuguese Brazil, Following the Trial, Magellan Holds a Meeting where his Captains Challenge Magellan’s Leadership. Juan de Cartagena Accuses Magellan of Risking the King’s Ships by the Route he is taking, Sailing around the Southern Tip of South Africa. When Cartagena Declares that he will no longer Follow Magellan’s Command, Magellan gives a Signal and Armed Loyalists Enter the Room and take hold of Cartagena. Magellan Brands Cartagena a “Rebel,” and Calls his Behaviour Mutinous. Cartagena Calls upon the other Two Castillian Captains [Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza] to Stab Magellan, but they hold Back. Immediately Following this Episode, Magellan has Cartagena Thrown into the Stocks; Magellan could have had Cartagena Tried for Treason and Executed, but Quesada and Mendoza Persuade Magellan to Simply Relieve Cartagena of his Command of the San Antonio and Allow him to Move Freely within the Confines of the Victoria for the rest of the Voyage to South America. 25th December The Nations of the World Celebrate Christmas Day, Commemorating the Anniversary of the Birth of Jesus Christ [also Called “Yeshua” in the Eastern Denominations] on 25th December 1 A.D. 27th December In Portuguese Brazil, after 13 Days, Magellan’s Fleet sets Sail from Rio de Janeiro in Search of a Strait that will Allow them Passage through South America to Sri Vijaya. The Tupi are very Disappointed to see them leave, and Row out in Canoes to try and Persuade them to stay. 1520 11th January In the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan’s Crew see a Headland Marked with Three Hills, which the Crew Name “Cape Santa Maria.” Around the Headland, they find a huge Body of Water which Extends as far as the Eye can see in a West by Southwest Direction. Magellan Believes he has found El Paso, but, in Fact, he has reached the Río de la Plata. Magellan Directs the Santiago, Commanded by João Serrão, to Probe the “Strait” while he Leads the other Ships South, Hoping to find Terra Australis, the Mythical Southern Continent Widely Believed at this Time to Exist South of South . They Fail to find the Southern Continent and, when they Regroup with the Santiago a few Days later, Serrão Reports that the Hoped ~ for Strait is, in Fact, the Mouth of a River. Incredulous, Magellan Leads the Fleet through the Western Waters again, taking Frequent Soundings. Serrão’s Claim is Confirmed when they, Eventually, find themselves in Fresh Water. 3rd February In the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan’s Fleet continues along the Coast of South America. Magellan Hopes that they will find a Strait within a short Distance, but, in Fact, they Sail South for a further Eight Weeks without Sighting a Strait. Magellan does not want to miss the Strait so he has the Fleet Sail as close as Feasible to the Coast, Heightening the Danger of Running aground on the Shoals. The Ships Sail only during the Day with Lookouts Carefully Watching the Coastline for any Sign of a Passage. In Addition to Shoals, the Fleet Encounters Storms, Squalls, and Dropping Temperatures as the Winter sets in. 22nd February In the Western Roman Empire, the Archduke of Austria, Charles V, is Crowned as Caesar of Rome inside the Basilica of San Petronio in the City of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, by Pope-King Clement VII, thus beginning the Habsburg Dynasty of Rulers. 31st March In the Inca Empire, by the Third Week of March, Weather Conditions have become so Desperate that Magellan Decides that he has no Choice but to find a Safe Harbour where they can Wait out the Winter. A Break in the Coast is Spotted where the Fleet finds a Natural Harbour, which they give the Name Port San Julián. 1st April In the Inca Empire, around Midnight, Juan de Cartagena Secretly leaves the Victoria and Reboards the San Antonio with 30 Armed Followers, their Faces Covered with Charcoal, where they Ambush the San Antonio’s Recently ~ Appointed Captain, Álvaro de Mezquita. De Mesquita is Magellan’s Cousin, and is Sympathetic with the Captain-General. Juan de Elorriaga, the San Antonio’s Boatswain, Resists the Mutineers and Attempts to Alert the Trinidad, for which he is Stabbed to Death by Gaspar de Quesada. De Quesada then Declares himself Captain of the San Antonio, while de Cartagena Returns to Command the Concepción. With the Victoria Captained by Luis de Mendoza, the Mutineers Control Three of the Five Ships. Only the Santiago, Captained by João Serrão, Remains Loyal to Magellan, along with the Trinidad, which Magellan Commands. The Mutineers Aim the San Antonio’s Cannons at the Trinidad, but make no further Overtures during the Night. 2nd April In the Inca Empire, while the Mutineers Attempt to Consolidate their Forces on Board the San Antonio and the Victoria, a Longboat of Sailors Drifts into the Vicinity of the Trinidad. The Men are Hauled on Board and Tortured until they Reveal the Mutineers’ Plans to Magellan. Magellan Immediately Launches a Counteroffensive to try and Recapture the Victoria. He has his Marines Switch Clothing with the Stray Sailors, and Approach the Victoria in their Longboat. His Alguacil, Gonzalo de Espinosa, also Approaches in a Skiff and Announces he has a Message for the Captain, Luis de Mendoza. Espinosa is Allowed on Board on the Basis that he has a Confidential Letter for the Captain, and into Mendoza’s Cabin. There, Espinosa Draws his Poignard and Stabs Mendoza in the Throat, Killing him Immediately. At the same Time, the Disguised Marines come on Board the Victoria to Support the Alguacil, and most of her Crew Rise up and Attack the Mutineers. With the Victoria Retaken and Mendoza Dead, the Remaining Mutineers Realise they have been Outmaneuvered. Juan de Cartagena Surrenders the Conception without a Fight and Begs Magellan for Mercy. 3rd April In the Inca Empire, Magellan has the Arrested Mutineers put in Chains for much of the Winter and makes them Perform the Tasks of Careening the Ships, Repairing their Structure, and Cleaning out the Bilge. Gaspar de Quesada Relocates to the San Antonio, Intending to Flee at Dawn, and has Three of her Four Anchors Raised to make a quick start. The Single Anchor is Insufficient to stop the Ship from Drifting, and Sailors Loyal to Magellan have Cut her Cables after being Allowed on Board, Claiming to be a Defector. By Dawn, she has Drifted Close to the Vicinity of the Trinidad, and a Boarding Party from the Trinidad is Able to Board the San Antonio, where they find de Quesada Roaming the Quarterdeck in full Armour, Carrying a Lance and a Shield. De Quesada and his Co ~ Conspirators are all Arrested and the San Antonio’s Remaining Crew all Swear Allegiance to Magellan. 7th April In the Inca Empire, the Trial of the Leading Mutineers, Overseen by Magellan’s Cousin, Álvaro de Mezquita, lasts for Five Days. Gaspar de Quesada is Sentenced to Death and is Beheaded [his Foster-Brother and Secretary, Luis Molina, Acts as his Executioner in Exchange for Clemency] and his and Luis de Mendoza’s Bodies are then Displayed in Gibbets to Deter other would ~ be Mutineers, their Bleached and Weathered Skeletons will be found nearly Half a Century later by the English Explorer Sir Francis Drake during his Circumnavigation. Magellan could have had Juan de Cartagena Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered, but he is a Nephew of Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, and Magellan is very Reluctant to have a Close Relative of One of his Sponsors Executed. Instead, de Mezquita Persuades Magellan to have de Cartagena, along with another Mutineer, the Catholic Priest Pedro Sánchez de la Reina, Marooned when the Fleet sets Sail from San Julián. 3rd May In the Inca Empire, Ferdinand Magellan sends the Santiago, Captained by Juan Serrano, to Scout ahead to find a Strait. They reach the Estuary of a River which Serrano Names the River Santa Cruz. Estuary Provides Shelter and is well Situated with Natural Resources, Including Wood, Fish, and Penguins. After a Week Exploring Santa Cruz, Serrano sets out to Return to San Julián, but is caught in a Freak Storm while leaving the Harbour. The Santiago is tossed about by the Strong Winds and Waves before Running aground on a Sand Bar. All of the Crew are Able to Clamber Ashore before the Ship Sinks. Two of the Men Volunteer to set off on Foot to San Julián to get help, while the other 35 Survivors Manage to Build Huts and Fire and Survive on a Diet of Fish and Local Plants. They are, however, Unable to Salvage any of the Materials from the Santiago. In the Inca Empire, after 11 Days of hard Treking, Exhausted and Emaciated, the Two Men Arrive at San Julián. Magellan sends a Rescue Party of 24 Men over Land to Santa Cruz. The Rescue Party finds them all Alive but Exhausted, and they Return to San Julián Safely. 30th June In the Aztec Empire, Emperor Montezuma II is Stoned to Death in the Aztec Capital, Tenochtitlan, while trying to Calm down Rioters during the Infamous “Night of Sorrows” at the Age of 53. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Ninth Aztec , under whom the Aztec Empire reached its Greatest Size, through Warfare Expanding the Territory as far South as Soconusco in Chiapas and Incorporating the and Tlapanec Peoples into the Empire. First Contact between the Indigenous of America and Europe also took Place during his , and he was Killed during the Initial Stages of the Aztec- Wars. Portrayals of Montezuma will often be Coloured by his Role as Ruler of a nearly Defeated , with many Sources Describing him as Superstitious, Weak ~ Willed, and Indecisive. 11th August In the Inca Empire, after Learning of the more Favourable Conditions that Serrano had found at Santa Cruz, Magellan Decides to Move the Fleet there for the rest of the Winter. Before the Fleet sets Sail, Juan de Cartagena and his Ally, Pedro Sánchez de la Reina, are put ashore on a Remote Island off the Patagonian Coast with a small Supply of Ship’s Biscuits and Drinking Water...neither is ever seen or Heard of again. 18th October In the Inca Empire, Magellan’s Fleet leaves Santa Cruz and Resume their Search for a Strait. 21st October In the Inca Empire, Magellan’s Fleet see a Headland which they Name Cape Virgenes. Past the Cape, they find a large Bay. While Exploring the Bay, a Storm Erupts. The Trinidad and the Victoria Escape to Open Sea, but Concepción and San Antonio are Driven further into the Bay, Towards a Promontory. 24th October In the Inca Empire, Magellan’s Reunites and the Concepción and the San Antonio Report that the Storm had Driven them through a Narrow Passage, not Visible from the Sea, and which had continued for some Distance. Magellan, Hoping that they have found their long Sought ~ after Strait, has the Retrace the Path taken by the Concepción and the San Antonio. Unlike the Río de la Plata earlier, here the Waters Remain Consistently deep and do not lose its Salinity as the Progresses. This is the Passage they have Sought, and will become Known, in Time, as the “Strait of Magellan.” 28th October In the Inca Empire, Magellan’s Fleet reaches an Island in the Strait [most likely Elizabeth Island or Dawson Island] which can be Passed in One of Two Directions. Magellan Directs the Fleet to Split up and Explore the Respective Paths. They are meant to Regroup within a few Days but the San Antonio never reaches the Rendezvous Point. While they wait for the San Antonio, Gonzalo de Espinoza Leads a small Ship to Explore the further reaches of the Strait. After Several Days of Sailing, they reach the Mouth of the Pacific Ocean. When Magellan Hears the News of de Espinoza’s Discovery, he Weeps Tears of Joy. In the Inca Empire, the San Antonio Fails to Rejoin the rest of Magellan’s in the Strait. At some Point, the Castilian Crew, Fearing the Portuguese Captain-General’s Obsession with finding a Passage through to the Ocean will Doom the Expedition, Reverse Course and Sail Back to Spain. Only the San Antonio’s Captain, Magellan’s Cousin Álvaro de Mezquita, Remains Loyal to Magellan and sets off Cannons and Smoke Signals to Alert the rest of the before he is Overwhelmed in a Second Mutiny, this One Successful, and is Stabbed by the San Antonio’s Pilot, Estêvão Gomes, and is put in Chains for the rest of the Journey. 28th November In the Inca Empire, Magellan’s Fleet Enter the Pacific Ocean and Initially Sails North, Following the Coast of the Inca Empire. They Alter their Course to West ~ Northwest. Magellan [along with Contemporary Cartographers] has no Idea of the Sheer Vastness of the Pacific Ocean, and he Imagines the Americas and the Spice Islands to be Separated only by a small Sea and he Expects to Cross in as little as Three to Four Days. In Fact, they spend nearly 3 Months and 20 Days at Sea before reaching Guam and the Philippines. Not Expecting such a long Journey, the Ships are not Stocked with Adequate Food and Water, and most of the Seal Meat they bring with them Putrefies in the Tropical Heat. Moreover, many of the Men Suffer from Symptoms of Scurvy. [whose Cause is Unknown at the Time] Of the 166 Men who Embark on the Pacific Crossing, 19 Die and 25 or 35 fall Ill with Diverse Sicknesses. Magellan, Pigafetta, and the other Officers are unaffected by the Scorbutic Symptoms because they Eat Preserved Quince, which, Unknown to them, Contains the Vitamin C Necessary to Protect them against Scurvy. 10th December In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther Burns his Copy of the Bull Decet Romanum Pontificem outside the Elster Gate in Wittenburg, along with a Book of Canon Law. 1521 24th January In the Pacific Ocean, had Magellan kept to his Original Course, he might have Encountered a Number of Islands which would have Offered Fresh Food and Water such as the Islands, the Islands, Easter Island, the Society Islands, or the Marquesas Islands. As it is, they only Encounter Two small Uninhabited Islands which they cannot land at, so Magellan Names them Islas Infortunadas. 28th January In the Holy Roman Empire, the Diet of Worms is Opened by Holy Roman Emperor John I. 6th March In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther is Summoned to Appear before the Diet of Worms. In the Aztec Empire, Outraged that the Priests cannot stop the Plague despite so many Sacrifices, the Aztec Population turns against the Priestly Classes; Hundreds of Thousands of Priests are Massacred, some on their Own Sacrificial Altars, by the Angry Citizens, Breaking the Power of the Priests forever and Prompting a Major Reform of the Aztec Religion. In the Kingdom of Spain, Magellan’s Fleet reaches the Mariana Islands but are unable to Land there, instead they Drop Anchor 30 Hours later off Guam. The Native Chamorro Peoples Row out to Meet them in Proas, a Type of Outrigger Canoe that is then unknown to the Europeans. Dozens of Chamorros come on Board and, Thinking they are Engaging in Trade, begin to take Items from the Ship, Including Rigging, Knives, and any Items made from Iron. At some Point, there is a Physical Confrontation between the Crew and the Natives, and at least One Chamorro is Killed. The Natives Flee, taking Trinidad’s Bergantina [the Ship’s Boat] with them. For this Act, Magellan Names the Island Isla de los Ladrones. [Island of Thieves] In the Kingdom of Spain, the next Day, Magellan sends a Raiding Party ashore, who Loot and Burn over 40 Chamorro Homes and Kill 7 Men. They also Retrieve the Bergantina. 9th March In the Kingdom of Spain, Magellan’s Fleet Departs from Guam and Sails Westward. 16th March In the Kingdom of Tondo, a Week after leaving Guam, Magellan’s Fleet Sight the Island of Samar and then Land at the Island of Homonhon, which is then Uninhabited. Realising that they have Discovered an Archipelago, Magellan Charts the Island and calls them the San Lazaro [Saint Lazarus in English] since they were Sighted on Lazarus Sunday. They spend nearly Two Weeks on Homonhon, Resting and Gathering Fresh Food and Water before leaving. 1525 13th June In the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther Weds Katharina von Bora, a Runaway Nun, setting a Precedent that Clergy may Marry. One of the Witnesses is German Painter Lucas Cranach the Elder. 1526 21st April In the Sultanate of Delhi, Realising it’s either now or never, Babur Invades the Sultanate of Delhi via Sirhind. 1542 In the an Egyptian Trading Ship on its way Home after a Mission to China is Captured at Sea by Japanese Pirates and brought to Kyushu Island, bringing with them a large Number of Flintlock Muskets. The Clan are very Eager to Learn about the new Weapons, as well as about the outside World, from the Egyptians. 1545 18th July In the Kingdom of England, the English Royal Navy Sail out of Portsmouth and Engage the French Royal in the Solent; the French Flagship La Maîtresse is Close to Sinking because of her Earlier Damage but, although Admiral Claude d’Annebault is Forced to Switch Flagships, she is Saved. That Evening, King Henry VIII and Admiral John Dudley Dine together on Board the English Flagship, the Great Harry. 1550 28th January In the Kingdom of England, King Henry VIII of England Passes away at the Age of 55 from Gout and Dysentery inside the Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, Screaming “Monks! Monks! Monks!” He will be Remembered by Future Historians as One of the most Notable Kings to Rule England, Issuing Radical changes to the English Constitution and Ushering in the Doctrine of the “Divine Right of Kings” as well as the beginning of the English Protestant Reformation and the Dissolution of The Monasteries, Destroying over 900 Religious Houses [some of which Dated Back to the Time of King Alfred of Wessex and King ] as well as 600 In the Kingdom of England, on the Day of the King’s Death, Henry’s Advisors Decide to keep the Death a Secret until Arrangements have been made for a Smooth Transition. Prince Edward and Princesses Elizabeth and Mary are told Privately and Attend a Reading of Henry’s Will. 20th February In the Kingdom of England, the only Son of the Late King Henry VIII, Prince Edward, is Crowned as King Edward VI of England inside Westminster Abbey, London. 1558 17th November In the Kingdom of England, Queen Mary I of England Passes away inside St. James's Palace at the Age of 42 from Uterine Cancer. She will be Remembered by Future Historians as the First Woman to Successfully Claim the Crown of England [Barring the Empress Matilda] in her Own Right, Lauded by for her Vigorous Attempts to Restore the Primacy of the Roman in England Following the Reformation [largely Thwarted by Parliament] and Reviled by for her Purges during which 280 Religious Dissenters were Burned at the Stake. Her Religious Re ~ Establishment Elizabeth I, 1564 23rd April In the Kingdom of England, this Date will be, Traditionally, be Regarded as the Birthday of William Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon, Mercia, to Leatherworker John Shakespeare and his Wife, Mary Arden. 26th April In the Kingdom of England, Playwright William Shakespeare is Baptised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Mercia. [his Actual Date of Birth is Unknown.] 1570 25th February In the Kingdom, Pope-King Johannes XXIII Excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England in the Bull Regnans in Excelsis, Referring to her as the “Pretend Queen of England and the Servant of Crime,” and Releases her Subjects from to her, even those who had Sworn Oaths to her, and Excommunicates anyone who Obeys her Orders. 1574 In the Kingdom of Lan Xang, the Burmese Empire Invades the Kingdom of Lan Xang. 1577 13th December In the Kingdom of England, Sir Francis Drake Departs from Plymouth, , after having been Delayed by a Storm in the English Channel, with Four Ships and 164 Men on an Expedition against the Spanish along the Coast of the . In the Kingdom of Morocco, Poor Weather Leads to Sir Francis Drake's Fleet making their First Port of Call in Essaouira on the Western Coast of Morocco. While Assembling a Pinnace, Drake Loses a Man to Moorish Raiders. Setting Sail once again, Drake and his Sail past the Canary Islands, where they Capture Three Spanish Fishing Boats and Three Caravels. Benedict is Swapped for One of the larger Spanish Ships, which is Renamed the Christopher, and the Benedict itself is Released with the Captives. 1580 26th September In the Kingdom of England, Sir Francis Drake and 59 Remaining Crew on Board the Golden Hind, along with a Rich Cargo of Spices and Captured Spanish Treasure, Sail into the English Channel. Worrying that of might have Declared War against England as a Result of Drake’s Actions, they soon come across some Fishermen, to whom Drake Asks such Questions as who is on the Throne and if England is at Peace. The Fishermen are Surprised it is Drake, as most People in England have Assumed that Drake and his Men are all Dead after John Wynter had Returned alone with the Elizabeth the Previous Year. 1582 27th November In the Kingdom of England, Future English Playwright William Shakespeare Marries Anne Hathaway in Stratford-upon-Avon, Mercia. 1585 2nd February In the Kingdom of England, a Son, Hamnet, is Born in Stratford-upon-Avon to William Shakespeare and his Wife, Anne Hathaway. 24th March In the Japanese Empire, the Daimyō Mōri Terumoto is Granted the Title, Shōgun of Japan by the Imperial Court after he Forges a Family Tree showing that he is Descended from Minamoto no Yoritomo. The Mōri Shogunate has begun. 1586 20th September In the Kingdom of England, Sir Anthony Babington and 14 other Men Convicted of Conspiring to Overthrow Queen Elizabeth I in the Babington Plot are Hanged, Drawn and Quartered. [Two are also Disembowled] He will be Remembered by Future Historians as being the Principal Conspirator in the Babington Plot, a Plan by English Roman to Overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and Replace her with her Cousin, Queen Mary I of Scotland, which Lead to Mary’s Execution and Diminished the Threat to Elizabeth I’s . 1588 28th May The Spanish Armada sets Sail from Lisbon, , Comprised 130 Ships and 30,000 Men and Heads for the Channel. In the Kingdom of Siam, the Burmese Empire Invades the Kingdom of Siam in Southeastern Asia. 19th July In the of England, the Spanish Armada is Sighted off “The Lizard” in . The News is Conveyed to London via a System of Beacons that have been Built along the South Coast. Sir Francis Drake and his Officers are Playing Bowls on Plymouth Hoe when they are told the News, but Drake, who is Waiting for high Tide, Remarks that there is Plenty of Time to finish the Game and Lick the Spaniards too. 1590 6th April In the Kingdom of England, English Sir Francis Walsingham Passes away at the Age of 58 in the City of London, England. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Principal Secretary of Elizabeth I, who Oversaw Foreign, Domestic and Policy, as well as being the Spymaster who Solidified the Association of England with Spies, Overseeing Operations that Infiltrated Military Preparations, Gathered Intelligence from across Europe, Disrupted a Range of Plots against Elizabeth, and Secured the Execution of Mary I of Scotland. He will be Lauded by Anglicans as a “Sound Pillar of our Commonwealth and a Chief Patron of Learning and Chivalry” while Roman Catholics will Argue that he was a Machiavellian, Ruthless, and Devious Man Driven by Religious Intolerance and a Love of Intrigue. 1591 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare is Believed to have Penned Henry VI, Part 1 around this Time, Possibly in Collaboration with Christopher Marlowe. 1592 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare is Believed to have Arrived in London around this Time, Possibly to Avoid Paying a Fine in Stratford-upon-Avon for Missing a Church Service. In the Kingdom of England, Groats-Worth of Witte, a Tract Posthumously Attributed to Author Robert Greene, is Published as a short Book. It will be most Famous for a Passage which will Appear to Allude to William Shakespeare: “an Upstart Crow, Beautified with our Feathers.” In the Kingdom of The Two Sicilies, Architect Domenico Fontana, while Building an Underground Aqueduct to the Mills of Torre Annunziata, by chance, runs into Ancient Walls Covered with Paintings and Inscriptions. However, he keeps Quiet and nothing more comes of the Discovery. 1594 1st July In the Inca Empire, English Privateer Sir Richard Hawkins in the Galleon Dainty Surrenders after being Attacked and Severely Damaged by a Spanish Squadron in the Mouth of the Esmeraldas River. Despite being Promised Safe Conduct for himself and his Crew, Hawkins [through no Fault of the Spanish Commander] is sent to and Imprisoned, Initially in Seville and then in Madrid. 1595 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare’s Plays Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream are Believed to have been First Performed around this Time in London. 1598 28th December In the Kingdom of England, The Theatre, the First Purpose ~ Built Playhouse in England, is Dismantled. Timbers from The Theatre are used in the Construction of another Playhouse ~ the Globe Theatre, on Bankside. 1599 21st September In the Kingdom of England, the Globe Theatre is Opened in Southwark, London…the First Recorded Play is a Performance of William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, which is Witnessed by a Swiss Tourist, Thomas Platter “the Younger.” 1600 In the Russian Empire, the Cossacks, a East Ethnic Group, begin Migrating into the Khaganate of Sibir, which is outside the Jurisdiction of the Tsarist Government in Moscow. When Tsar Boris Godunov Orders the Russian Army after them to Subdue them and Establish Government Control over them, the Cossacks Simply Migrate Eastwards to Escape the Authority of the Tsar. When Tsarist Armies again Follow a few Years later, the Cossacks Migrate again, and the Process starts all over again. This way, Russia will Conquer everything from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean by the Year 1700. In the Persian Empire, by this Date, the Persian is Experiencing a Revival after many Years of Violence. Ever since it had Broken away from a Splintering in the 1100s, it has Carried on under the Radar of, First of all, Ethnically Chinese Kings, giving way to Kings of Mixed Race, and, Finally, Ethnically Persian Kings. Ever since Crackdown on Islam the People have Followed a wide Assortment of , Generally depending on and Ethnic Group. By 1600, the Major Religions of Persia are , Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism in that Order. The Lack of the Complete Control of any One Group Leads to a Liberalisation of Thought, and, as the Central Government becomes more Potent, Members of all Major Religions are to be found in the Government Structure. Also, Persia Benefits from Acting as a Business Corridor between the Byzantine and Mughal Empires, and Serves as an of both , in Particular the Mughals. 1603 In the Persian Empire, Shah Abbas I Signs an Alliance with Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire against the Emirate of Bukhara. The Two Empires Declare War against the Emirate of Bukhara. The Emirate is Conquered and Divided between the and the Mughal Empires. 1605 25th March In the Kingdom of England, the Commotion that the Conspirators had Heard was someone Moving out of the Undercroft which they have been trying to Tunnel into. It is up for Lease, so Co ~ Conspirator Thomas Percy Pulls some Strings and Rents it. And Fawkes Knows Exactly what to do with it. By hiding his Gunpowder in Barrels, he can have as many as he wants Exactly where he wants them without Raising Suspicion. 5th November In the Kingdom of England, Roman Catholic Terrorist Guy Fawkes Detonates 36 Barrels full of Gunpowder in the Undercroft beneath the House of Lords, Killing James VI of Scotland and I of England, his Wife, Queen Anne of Denmark, their Eldest Son, Prince Henry Frederick, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft, Lord Henry Howard, and every Soul Attending the State Opening of Parliament Instantly. Fawkes himself is Killed while Guarding the Barrels. The Anniversary of this Event will be Remembered every Year as “Guy Fawkes Night,” In the Kingdom of England, Following the Assassination of most of the Royal Family, Princess Elizabeth Ascends to the Throne as Queen Elizabeth II of England, Ireland, and I of Scotland. Her Younger Brother, Prince Charles, is Considered too Weak, having only just Learned how to Walk without Assistance. 1606 In the Holy Roman Empire, after a short Election Process, the Archduke of Austria, Charles I, is Elected as Holy Roman Emperor. 1607 30th January In the Kingdom of Wales, a Massive Wave [Possibly a Tsunami] Sweeps along the Bristol Channel, Drowning 2,000 People, Hundreds of Sheep and Cattle, and Inundating Farmland as far Inland as Glastonbury Tor, and Destroying 30 small Villages. 26th May In English North America, an English Army of 105 Men under the Command of Captain John Smith Engage a Powhatan Army of 198 Men under the Command of Chief Chesapeake Close to the English City of Jamestown, Virginia, who are Forced to Retreat and Regroup. Of the English Army, only 13 Men are Killed, while, of the Powhatan Force, 170 Men are Slain. In English North America, a small Village, Yorktown, is Founded on the York River by English Settlers. In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare’s Dido and Aeneas, a Tragedy Based largely on Virgil’s The Aeneid, is First Performed inside the Globe Theatre. 1608 23rd June In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, Samuel Pallache Meets King Charles III and the States-General in Antwerp. In the Kingdom of England, One Night, William Shakespeare Experiences Visions of how Christmas should be Celebrated. Shakespeare Precedes the Holiday by Penning the Tale that will Influence Christmas for many Generations still to come: A Chrimstmas Carol. The Play Tells the Story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a Miserly Theatre Owner who is Visited on Christmas Eve by the Ghost of his Former Partner, Christopher Marlowe, and the Spirits of Christmas Past, Present, and Yet to Come. Through their Visits, Scrooge sees the History of Christmas, how it Affects People’s Lives, and a Snowbound Apocalypse that God will send down if he does not keep Christmas always. Scrooge Awakes on Christmas Morning a changed Man, and Vows never to Shut out the Spirit’s Lessons; in the End, he becomes a Kinder, Gentler Man who Embodies the Spirit of Christmas. 1609 In the Japanese Empire, Shōgun Mōri Terumoto Issues a Decree Restricting “Nanban” Traders to the of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Egyptian and Chinese Merchants are Permitted to Maintain Factories on Hirado Island for Trading Purposes. 5th April In the Ryukyu Kingdom, Japanese Samurai from the Shimazu Clan Invade Ryukyu on Behalf of the Mōri Shōgunate. 1610 In the Egyptian Empire, Mass Production using Interchangable Parts is First Applied to the Firearms in Egypt. Other Nations begin to Follow. 24th December In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, Samuel Pallache, on Behalf of Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco and King Charles III on Behalf of the UKN Sign the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, Allowing the Sultan to Purchase Ships, Arms and Ammunition from the UKN. One Day, Pallache’s Horse ~ Drawn Carriage Meets the Spanish Ambassador’s Carriage in The Hague. The Two Carriages are unable to Pass each other and, to the Cheers of onlookers, Pallache’s Carriage Forces the Spanish Ambassador’s Carriage off the Road. 1613 29th June In the Kingdom of England, the Globe Theatre in Southwark, London, goes up in Flames during a Performance of William Shakespeare’s Henry VIII when a Theatrical Cannon Misfires, setting Light to the Wooden Beams and the Thatched Roof. Shakespeare Returns to Stratford-upon-Avon to Rejoin his Wife, Anne Hathaway, at their Home in New Place, where he Devotes most of his Time to the Family’s Garden. He is not very Successful, however, despite his hard Work. 1615 23rd April In the Kingdom of England, Poet, Playwright and Actor William Shakespeare Passes away at the Age of 52 in the Town of Stratford-upon-Avon, West Mercia, from a Fever after a Night of heavy Drinking with his Friends. He will be Regarded by Future Generations as England’s National Poet, the Greatest Writer in the English Language, and the World’s Pre ~ Eminent Dramatist. His Plays will be Translated into every Major Living Language and will be Performed more often than those of any other Playwright. 1618 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the full Approval of the Polish Sejm, the Kingdom of Gothenland Annexes the Principality of East Prussia, much to the Anger of the Electorate of Brandenburg, who Consider the Territory to be Rightful Brandenburger Land. In the Archduchy of Austria-Bohemia, fed up with Perceived Catholic Oppression of the Lutheran Majority, the Bohemian Nobles Revolt against its Council in what is, at First, nothing more than a Repeat of the Wars which had Rocked the Following the Execution of Jan Hus. Unlike the , the Troops now Assembled by the Bohemian Nobles are no Match for the Imperial Forces now Despatched to Deal with the . 1620 In the Byzantine Empire, Hieros Thomopoulos, a Greek Scientist Working in the City of Miletus, Province, Formulates the First Known Theory about the Basic Structure of the Atom. Progress in this Area is slow, Hampered by the Fact that there are few ways to Test these Theories since the Appropriate Equipment has not been Availabile. 1625 In the Kazakh Shah Abbas I of Persia Invades the Kazakh Khaganate and Absorbs most of their Lands. Worried about the Fate of Minority Christian Russian [who have, for some Time, been Migrating into the Lands held by the Kazakh Horde, where they have been Permitted to Settle so long as they Pay Tribute to the Kazakh Khagan] Russian Tsar Dmitri III sends Armies into the Northern Portions of the Region. 1644 25th May In the Chinese Empire, the Manchus Invade after Nurhaci’s Demands that the Ming Dynasty Pay him Tribute are Refused. [the Ming are not Prepared to Pay Money to someone who they Consider to be a Tributary] 1666 In the Russian Empire, a Russian Inventor Named Boris Vladinov Invents the First Practical Breech ~ Loading Musket. The Idea does not Immediately Catch on, however. 1688 In the Kingdom of England, the State Funeral of Sir Henry Morgan is held in the City of Port Royal, Jamaica ~ the last Time that a Pirate will be so Honoured in an English Colony. At the Time of his Death, Morgan’s Personal Wealth is Valued at £5,263. An Amnesty is Declared so that Pirates may Pay their Respects and a 22 ~ Gun Salute is Fired by Ships Moored in the Harbour. Morgan is Buried in Palisadoes Cemetery. 1692 7th June In the Kingdom of England, the City of Port Royal, Jamaica, “the Wickedest City on Earth” Slips into the Sea after a 7.5 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes the City. 2,000 are Immediately Killed, 2,300 Injured and an Estimated 2,000 Die from Diseases which Ravage the Island in the Following Months. Palisadoes Cemetery ~ Including Morgan’s Grave ~ is One Part of the Town which Sinks beneath the Waves and Morgan’s Body, Despite Several Attempts to do so, shall never Subsequently be Located. 1699 In English North America, the Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, is Abandoned after Williamsburg is Named as the Capital of Colonial Virginia. 6th July In English North America, Pirate William Kidd is Arrested in Boston, , after being Lured there by a False Promise of Clemency. Kidd is Placed into Stone Jail and spends most of his Time in Solitary Confinement. 1700 1st January Many Protestant Nations in Europe, with the Notable Exception of Great Britain, have Grudgingly Accepted the Reforms to the Julian Calendar First Proposed in the Papal Bull of 1582 by Pope-King Gregory XIII. The new Calendar Seeks to Correct the Gradual Drifting of the Seasons and of the Feast of Easter under the old Julian Calendar which was 11 Days longer than its Civil Equivalent. The Gregorian Reforms Remove the extra Days and Insert a Leap Year ~ an extra Day once every Four Years to further Correct the Drift. 6th November In the Kingdom of Spain, King Charles II “the Bewitched” of Spain Passes away at the Age of 38, inside the Royal Alcázar Fortress inside the Spanish Capital City of Madrid, Province of Madrid. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the last Hapsburg King of Spain, Known for Permanently bringing to an End the Spanish Inquisition, which had, for Years, Remained a Significant Force over Spanish Society, as well as for Leading Spain to Victory during the Anti-French War. He will also be Remembered for Dying without any Sons to Succeed him, which would Spark a Succession Crisis that would, Eventually, Result in the Outbreak of the First Great Global War in Europe, which, at that Time, would be Considered the most Destructive War in European History and the beginning of the Gradual Break up of the Spanish Empire. 1703 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a Split in the Sejm Caused by King Stephen II’s Attempts to Rein in their Power Leads to the Elector of Saxony, Michael I, being Crowned as Anti-King. 1711 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Supporters of Anti-King Michael I are Defeated, leaving King Stephen II free to Push his Authoritarian Reforms through the Sejm. 1718 22nd November In the Portuguese Governorate of Verao, the Pirate Blackbeard is Cornered and Slain in Battle off Ocracoke Inlet by a British Royal Navy Squadron under the Command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard; it takes 20 Cutlass Wounds and 5 Gunshot Wounds to Kill Blackbeard. Blackbeard’s Body is Subsequently Beheaded and Thrown into the Inlet…According to Legend, it Swims Three Times around Maynard’s Ship before it Sinks and the Severed Head is Hung from the Prow so that the £100 Reward can be Collected. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Stuff of Lore, becoming the Inspiration for the Archetypal Pirate, Inspiring Books, Films, and even Amusement Park Rides. Various Superstitions will Exist of Blackbeard’s Headless Ghost forever Wandering the Scene of his Bloody Death Bellowing “Where’s my Head?!” 1719 25th April In the Kingdom of Great Britain, English Trader, Writer, Journalist, and Spy Daniel Defoe Publishes the Novel Robinson Crusoe, Presented as an Autobiography of the Titular Character, who Spends 28 Years on a Remote Tropical Island before being Rescued. The Book is well Received among the Literary Circles of the World despite its Simple Narrative Style, and will already have gone through Four Editions before the End of 1719 and will go on to become One of the most Widely Published Books in History, Spawning so many Imitations, not only in Literature, but also in Film, Television, and Radio. 1759 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, William Shakespeare’s Final place of Residence in New Place is Demolished by the then ~ Owner, the Reverend Francis Gastrell, who has become Fed up with Tourists coming to see it. Outraged, the Inhabitants of Stratford-upon-Avon Force Gastrell to leave Town. 1788 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, Convicts Building the Foundations for a Prison on the Site of Hyde Abbey Uncover Three Stone Coffins Believed to belong to King Alfred “the Great” of Wessex, his Wife, Queen Ealhswith, and his Eldest Son, King Edward “the Elder.” The Convicts Smash the Coffins and the Lead which Lines the Coffins is Sold for Two Guineas and the Bones inside are Scattered. The Bones are Subsequently Gathered by the Roman Catholic Priest Dr. Milner and Reburied in an Unmarked Grave in the Graveyard of St. Bartholomew's Church, Winchester. 1825 5th March In the Spanish Empire, Roberto Cofresí, One of the last Successful Pirates in the , is Defeated when his Sloop, the Anne, is Damaged and the Pirates Flee ashore, Escaping into the Adjacent Mangroves and Swamps. 1883 14th November In the Kingdom of Scotland, Treasure Island by Scottish Author Robert Louis Stevenson is First Published as a Book after having been Serialised in the Children’s Literary Magasine Young Folks, by Cassell & Co. The Book will be Noted for its Atmosphere, Characters, and Action, and will, at First, be Considered to be a coming ~ of ~ Age Story, Telling the Tale of a Search for Buried Pirate Treasure. As One of the most Frequently Adapted of all Novels, its Influence on Popular Perceptions about Pirates, Including such Elements as Schooners, Treasure Maps Marked with an X, Tropical Islands, and One ~ Legged Seamen Bearing Parrots on their Shoulder. 1950 22nd June In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Walt Disney Company’s Releases Treasure Island, Based on the 1883 Novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, the Disney Company’s First Completely Live Action Film and the First Film Version of Treasure Island made in Technicolour. Reviews are mostly Positive, with the New York Times Calling the Film a “Grand and Glorious Entertainment” that “Captures the True Spirit of the Novel” and Variety Praises the Film for its “Sumptuous” Set Pieces and a “Virtual Tour de Force” Performance by Robert Newton as Long John Silver, which becomes the Standard for Screen Portrayals of Historical Pirates. 2008 In the West Indies Federation, a Jewish Cemetery is Discovered in Kingston, Jamaica. These are some of the First European Settlers in Jamaica ~ Key Players in the Island’s History, and their Tombstones are in Hebrew. Some of the Weathered Tombstones Bear another Insignia: the Skull and Crossbones. 2013 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the of Winchester gives Wessex Archaeology Permission to Exhume Three Skeletons Buried in an Unmarked Grave in the Graveyard of St. Bartholomew's Church where they have lain since 1788 as they are Rumored to be the Remains of King Alfred “the Great” of Wessex, his Wife, Queen Ealhswith, and their Eldest Son, King Edward “the Elder.” The Bones are Radiocarbondated to being from the 1300s and, therefore, nothing to do with Alfred. 2014 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, a Single Piece of Pelvic Bone Uncovered during the 1999 Excavations and which had, Subsequently, lain in Winchester Museum Store Room is Radiocarbondated to the 9th Century. It is Suggested that this might belong to either Alfred or his Son, Edward, but this will never be Proven.

Bill Lemmond
>>60304629

Please stop posting such long lists. Yes, they're great, but I simply don't have time to read them all, and you make me spend minutes (!) just to scroll down past your one monster post, so I can see anyone else's content. Please post only a link to your content.