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Thirty Years War - Chaining the Dragon - Extra History - #5 (Patreon)

Published:
2021-06-25 17:30:01
Imported:
2026-06
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Content

The rise of sovereign secular nations and national identity begins to form as the war is finally put to slumber... for now.


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Thirty Years War - Chaining the Dragon - Extra History - #5

Use code EXTRACREDITS14 to get up to 14 FREE MEALS across your first 4 HelloFresh boxes, including free shipping on your first box at https://bit.ly/3wbnmH1 ! As the war continued onwards draining the land of blood and coin, enough was finally enough. While the conflict started over religious grounds, by this time it had changed to a conflict about political power. Oddly, that made it much easier to find compromise and terms to finally bring the conflict to an end. We see its effect on the maps as the Hapsburg empire began to splinter but the Thirty Years War left a lasting legacy on Europe and the way we think about global conflict forever. ___________ Support the people who make this show, vote for future Extra History topics, and get great perks at our Patreon! http://bit.ly/EHPatreon Subscribe & ! to our channel on YouTube at http://bit.ly/SubToEC Got more info about Extra Credits on our website at http://extracredits.site/ Grab your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://extracredits.store/ ___________ Thanks for participating in this week's discussion! We want you to be aware of our community posting guidelines so that we can have high-quality conversations: https://www.extracredits.site/extra-credits-community-code-of-con Come chat with us live on Twitch http://bit.ly/ECtwitch Want to contact us directly? Email us: contact@extra-credits.net Interested in sponsoring an episode? Email us: extracredits@standard.tv ___________ Want more Extra Credits? Follow us on social media: Twitter : http://bit.ly/ECTweet Facebook : http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Instagram : http://bit.ly/ECisonInstagram ___________ ♪ Get the intro music here! http://bit.ly/1EQA5N7 *Music by Demetori: http://bit.ly/1AaJG4H ♪ Outro music: "May 15, 1648" by Tiffany Roman http://www.tiffanyromanlouk.com/

Comments

Martin Verran

The Dragon doesn't seem to be enjoying being chained very much.

Joël Quenneville

YES!!! I love the reference to Treaty of Westphalia scene from "The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything" during the intro. The artist even drew the "charming carriage clock" and the pyramid of Fererro Rocher :D :D :D

Benjamin Fouty

Aw man, I get to be the flag guy: Bohemia is represented by a lion. The red and white flag is Poland. I look forward to the eye rolly comment in the lies episode!

Jason Youngberg

IIRC this war is part of why the US is a secular nation. The FF knew the hazards of religious intolerance.

Martin Verran
>>62546987

It's a pity you didn't talk about Rembrandt or you could have featured his famous painting "The Night Watch." 1580 In the Mongolian , Nurhaci, a Jin Chieftain, begins the Process of Uniting the Jin Tribes of Mongolia. 26th September In the Kingdom of England, Sir Francis Drake and 59 Remaining Crew on Board the Golden Hind, along with a Rich Cargo of Spices and Captured Spanish Treasure, Sail into the English Channel. Worrying that King Philip II of Spain might have Declared War against England as a Result of Drake’s Actions, they soon come across some Fishermen, to whom Drake Asks such Questions as who is on the Throne and if England is at Peace. The Fishermen are Surprised it is Drake, as most People in England have Assumed that Drake and his Men are all Dead after John Wynter had Returned alone with the Elizabeth the Previous Year. 1582 27th November In the Kingdom of England, Future English Playwright William Shakespeare Marries Anne Hathaway in Stratford-upon-Avon, Mercia. 1585 2nd February In the Kingdom of England, a Son, Hamnet, is Born in Stratford-upon-Avon to William Shakespeare and his Wife, Anne Hathaway. 24th March In the Japanese Empire, the Daimyō Mōri Terumoto is Granted the Title, Shōgun of Japan by the Imperial Court after he Forges a Family Tree showing that he is Descended from Minamoto no Yoritomo. The Mōri Shogunate has begun. 1586 20th September In the Kingdom of England, Sir Anthony Babington and 14 other Men Convicted of Conspiring to Overthrow Queen Elizabeth I in the Babington Plot are Hanged, Drawn and Quartered. [Two are also Disembowled] He will be Remembered by Future Historians as being the Principal Conspirator in the Babington Plot, a Plan by English Roman to Overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and Replace her with her Cousin, Queen Mary I of Scotland, which Lead to Mary’s Execution and Diminished the Threat to Elizabeth I’s . 1588 In the Kingdom of Siam, the Burmese Empire Invades the Kingdom of Siam in Southeastern Asia. 28th May In the Kingdom of Spain, the Spanish Armada sets Sail from Lisbon, County of , Comprised 130 Ships and 30,000 Men and Heads for the English Channel. On the Day the Armada sets Sail, Elizabeth I’s Ambassador to the United Kingdoms of Netherlands, Valentine Dale, Meets Alexander Farnese of Parma’s Representative for Peace Negotiations. 19th July In the Kingdom of England, the Spanish Armada is Sighted off “The Lizard” in . The News is Conveyed to London via a System of Beacons that have been Built along the South Coast. Sir Francis Drake and his Officers are Playing Bowls on Plymouth Hoe when they are told the News, but Drake, who is Waiting for high Tide, Remarks that there is Plenty of Time to finish the Game and Lick the Spaniards too. 1590 6th April In the Kingdom of England, English Sir Francis Walsingham Passes away at the Age of 58 in the City of London, England. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Principal Secretary of Elizabeth I, who Oversaw Foreign, Domestic and Religious Policy, as well as being the Spymaster who Solidified the Association of England with Spies, Overseeing Operations that Infiltrated Spanish Military Preparations, Gathered Intelligence from across Europe, Disrupted a Range of Plots against Elizabeth, and Secured the Execution of Queen Mary I of Scotland. He will be Lauded by Anglicans as a “Sound Pillar of our Commonwealth and a Chief Patron of Learning and Chivalry” while Roman Catholics will Argue that he was a Machiavellian, Ruthless, and Devious Man Driven by Religious Intolerance and a Love of Intrigue. 1591 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare is Believed to have Penned Henry VI, Part 1 around this Time, Possibly in Collaboration with Christopher Marlowe. 1592 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare is Believed to have Arrived in London around this Time, Possibly to Avoid Paying a Fine in Stratford-upon-Avon for Missing a Church Service. In the Kingdom of England, Groats-Worth of Witte, a Tract Posthumously Attributed to Author Robert Greene, is Published as a short Book. It will be most Famous for a Passage which will Appear to Allude to William Shakespeare: “an Upstart Crow, Beautified with our Feathers.” In the Kingdom of The Two Sicilies, Italian Architect Domenico Fontana, while Building an Underground Aqueduct to the Mills of Torre Annunziata, by chance, runs into Ancient Walls Covered with Paintings and Inscriptions. However, he keeps Quiet and nothing more comes of the Discovery. 1594 1st July In the Inca Empire, English Privateer Sir Richard Hawkins in the Galleon Dainty Surrenders after being Attacked and Severely Damaged by a Spanish Squadron in the Mouth of the Esmeraldas River. Despite being Promised Safe Conduct for himself and his Crew, Hawkins [through no Fault of the Spanish Commander] is sent to Spain and Imprisoned, Initially in Seville and then in Madrid. 1595 In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare’s Plays Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream are Believed to have been First Performed around this Time in London. 1596 11th August In the Kingdom of England, Hamnet Shakespeare, the only Son of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway, Passes away at the Age of 11, Allegedly from a Bout of Bubonic Plague [the Black Death], in Stratford-upon-Avon, Mercia. He will be Remembered by Future Historians only as the Son of the “Bard of Avon” and Shakespearean Scholars will Debate the Relationship between Hamnet and his Father’s later Play, Hamlet, as well as on Possible Links between Hamnet’s Death and the Writing of Edmund, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and A Christmas Carol. 1598 28th December In the Kingdom of England, The Theatre, the First Purpose ~ Built Playhouse in England, is Dismantled. Timbers from The Theatre are used in the Construction of another Playhouse ~ the Globe Theatre, on Bankside. 1599 21st September In the Kingdom of England, the Globe Theatre is Opened in Southwark, London…the First Recorded Play is a Performance of William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, which is Witnessed by a Swiss Tourist, Thomas Platter “the Younger.” 1600 In the Russian Empire, the Cossacks, a East Ethnic Group, begin Migrating into the Khaganate of Sibir, which is outside the Jurisdiction of the Tsarist Government in Moscow. When Tsar Boris Godunov Orders the Russian Army after them to Subdue them and Establish Government Control over them, the Cossacks Simply Migrate Eastwards to Escape the Authority of the Tsar. When Tsarist Armies again Follow a few Years later, the Cossacks Migrate again, and the Process starts all over again. This way, Russia will Conquer everything from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean by the Year 1700. In the Persian Empire, by this Date, the Persian is Experiencing a Revival after many Years of Violence. Ever since it had Broken away from a Splintering in the 1100s, it has Carried on under the Radar of, First of all, Ethnically Chinese Kings, giving way to Kings of Mixed Race, and, Finally, Ethnically Persian Kings. Ever since Crackdown on Islam the People have Followed a wide Assortment of , Generally depending on and Ethnic Group. By 1600, the Major Religions of Persia are , Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism in that Order. The Lack of the Complete Control of any One Group Leads to a Liberalisation of Thought, and, as the Central Government becomes more Potent, Members of all Major Religions are to be found in the Government Structure. Also, Persia Benefits from Acting as a Business Corridor between the Byzantine and Mughal Empires, and Serves as an of both , in Particular the Mughals. 1603 In the Persian Empire, Shah Abbas I Signs an Alliance with Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire against the Emirate of Bukhara. The Two Empires Declare War against the Emirate of Bukhara. The Emirate is Conquered and Divided between the Persian and the Mughal Empires. In the Queendom of Vinland, the Vinlandic Navy Defeats an Understrengthed Spanish Armada, Securing Vinland’s Claim to Alkafuglaeyjar. The Surviving Spanish Sailors are taken to the Island that will, Eventually, become Santuario. [OTL Barbuda] 24th March In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth I of England Passes away at the Age of 69 inside Richmond Palace from Blood Poisoning. She will be Remembered by Future Historians as the last of Five English Monarchs of the House of Tudor, Acknowledged as a Charismatic Performer and a Dogged Survivor at a Time when Government was Ramshackle and Limited, and when Monarchs in Neighbouring were Facing Internal Problems which Jeopardise their Thrones. In Religion she was very Tolerant and Avoided Systematic Persecution. After Pope-King Johannes XXIII Declared her Illegitimate and Releases her Subjects from Allegiance to her, Several Conspiracies Threatened her Life, all of which were Defeated by her Minister’s Secret Service. Elizabeth was Cautious in Foreign Affairs, and she only Half ~ Heartedly Supported a Number of Ineffective, Poorly Supplied Wars in Ireland, the Netherlands, France, and against Spain. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 will forever Link her Name with One of England’s Greatest Victories, and a Cult of Personality will Grow up around “Good Queen Bess,” Celebrating her for her Virginity in Portraits, Pageants, and the Literature of the Day and helped to Forge a Sense of National Identity. 1605 25th March In the Kingdom of England, the Commotion that the Conspirators had Heard was someone Moving out of the Undercroft which they have been trying to Tunnel into. It is up for Lease, so Co ~ Conspirator Thomas Percy Pulls some Strings and Rents it. And Fawkes Knows Exactly what to do with it. By hiding his Gunpowder in Barrels, he can have as many as he wants Exactly where he wants them without Raising Suspicion. 5th November In the Kingdom of England, Roman Catholic Terrorist Guy Fawkes Detonates 36 Barrels full of Gunpowder in the Undercroft beneath the House of Lords, Killing James VI of Scotland and I of England, his Wife, Queen Anne of Denmark, their Eldest Son, Prince Henry Frederick, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft, Lord Henry Howard, and every Soul Attending the State Opening of Parliament Instantly. Fawkes himself is Killed while Guarding the Barrels. The Anniversary of this Event will be Remembered every Year as “Guy Fawkes Night,” In the Kingdom of England, Following the Assassination of most of the Royal Family, Princess Elizabeth Ascends to the Throne as Queen Elizabeth II of England, Ireland, and I of Scotland. Her Younger Brother, Prince Charles, is Considered too Weak, having only just Learned how to Walk without Assistance. 1606 In the Holy Roman Empire, after a short Election Process, the Archduke of Austria, Charles I, is Elected as Holy Roman Emperor. [taking the Regnal Name Charles IV] 1607 30th January In the Kingdom of Wales, a Massive Wave [Possibly a Tsunami] Sweeps along the Bristol Channel, Drowning 2,000 People, Hundreds of Sheep and Cattle, and Inundating Farmland as far Inland as Glastonbury Tor, and Destroying 30 small Villages. 26th May In English North America, an English Army of 105 Men under the Command of Captain John Smith Engage a Powhatan Army of 198 Men under the Command of Chief Chesapeake Close to the English City of Jamestown, Virginia, who are Forced to Retreat and Regroup. Of the English Army, only 13 Men are Killed, while, of the Powhatan Force, 170 Men are Slain. In English North America, a small Village, Yorktown, is Founded on the York River by English Settlers. In the Kingdom of England, William Shakespeare’s Dido and Aeneas, a Tragedy Based largely on Virgil’s The Aeneid, is First Performed inside the Globe Theatre. 1608 23rd June In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, Samuel Pallache Meets King Charles III and the States-General in Antwerp. In the Kingdom of England, One Night, William Shakespeare Experiences Visions of how Christmas should be Celebrated. Shakespeare Precedes the Holiday by Penning the Tale that will Influence Christmas for many Generations still to come: A Chrimstmas Carol. The Play Tells the Story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a Miserly Theatre Owner who is Visited on Christmas Eve by the Ghost of his Former Partner, Christopher Marlowe, and the Spirits of Christmas Past, Present, and Yet to Come. Through their Visits, Scrooge sees the History of Christmas, how it Affects People’s Lives, and a Snowbound Apocalypse that God will send down if he does not keep Christmas always. Scrooge Awakes on Christmas Morning a changed Man, and Vows never to Shut out the Spirit’s Lessons; in the End, he becomes a Kinder, Gentler Man who Embodies the Spirit of Christmas. 1609 In the Japanese Empire, Shōgun Mōri Terumoto Issues a Decree Restricting “Nanban” Traders to the of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Egyptian and Chinese Merchants are Permitted to Maintain Factories on Hirado Island for Trading Purposes. 5th April In the Ryukyu Kingdom, Japanese Samurai from the Shimazu Clan Invade Ryukyu on Behalf of the Mōri Shōgunate. 1610 In the Egyptian Empire, Mass Production using Interchangable Parts is First Applied to the Firearms in Egypt. Other Nations begin to Follow. 24th December In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, Samuel Pallache, on Behalf of Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco and King Charles III on Behalf of the UKN Sign the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, Allowing the Sultan to Purchase Ships, Arms and Ammunition from the UKN. One Day, Pallache’s Horse ~ Drawn Carriage Meets the Spanish Ambassador’s Carriage in The Hague. The Two Carriages are unable to Pass each other and, to the Cheers of onlookers, Pallache’s Carriage Forces the Spanish Ambassador’s Carriage off the Road. 1613 29th June In the Kingdom of England, the Globe Theatre in Southwark, London, goes up in Flames during a Performance of William Shakespeare’s Henry VIII when a Theatrical Cannon Misfires, setting Light to the Wooden Beams and the Thatched Roof. Shakespeare Returns to Stratford-upon-Avon to Rejoin his Wife, Anne Hathaway, at their Home in New Place, where he Devotes most of his Time to the Family’s Garden. He is not very Successful, however, despite his hard Work. 1614 In the Kingdom of England, having Captured a Portuguese Ship, Privateer Samuel Pallache is unable to bring its Cargo Ashore in and so Sails for the . A Heavy Storm Forces him to Seek Refuge in England where, at the Request of the Spanish Ambassador, he is Arrested and Imprisoned. 1615 23rd April In the Kingdom of England, Poet, Playwright and Actor William Shakespeare Passes away at the Age of 52 in the Town of Stratford-upon-Avon, West Mercia, from a Fever after a Night of heavy Drinking with his Friends. He will be Regarded by Future Generations as England’s National Poet, the Greatest Writer in the English Language, and the World’s Pre ~ Eminent Dramatist. His Plays will be Translated into every Major Living Language and will be Performed more often than those of any other Playwright. 1618 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the full Approval of the Polish Sejm, the Kingdom of Gothenland Annexes the Principality of East Prussia, much to the Anger of the Electorate of Brandenburg, who Consider the Territory to be Rightful Brandenburger Land. 23rd May In the Archduchy of Austria-Bohemia, fed up with Perceived Catholic Oppression of the Lutheran Majority, the Bohemian Nobles Revolt against its Council in what is, at First, nothing more than a Repeat of the Wars which had Rocked the Following the Execution of Jan Hus. Unlike the , the Troops now Assembled by the Bohemian Nobles are no Match for the Imperial Forces now Despatched to Deal with the Rebellion. 8th November In the Kingdom of Bohemia, at the White Mountain outside Prague, 30,000 Bohemian Protestant Defenders under the Command of Christian of - are Swatted aside by a Army under the Command of Charles Bonaventure de Longueval [many Rebels, seeing their Comrades Running, turn and Flee without Firing a Shot] while the rest are Massacred by the Imperial Cavalry. In the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Rebel Leaders Flee into the Schmalkaldic Empire where they are Promptly Forgotten about. Holy Roman Charles IV, Bowing to his Wife’s Religious Extremism and seeing an Opportunity to “Persuade” Bohemian Protestants to Return to the Catholic Faith, and against the Advice of many Moderates, Austrian and Bavarian Occupying Bohemia begin a Messy Crackdown on Protestant Priests and , Causing Waves of . New Peasant Armies Form and, unlike the Earlier, Noble ~ Lead Armies [which were seen to be Acting out of Self ~ Preservation] these Enjoy Widespread Support but are still no Match for the well ~ Equipped Armies. The Bohemian Revolutionaries Appeal to the Empire to Intervene to Save the Population from Retribution. 1619 In the Kingdom of Bohemia, Prague is Occupied. The United Kingdoms of The Netherlands Offers to Join the War on the Protestant side if Returns the Bohemian Crown to them. Schmalkaldic Emperor Eric II, however, is not Convinced by their Arguments: the Bohemian had Appealed to Copenhagen, not Antwerp, and his Desire to Add to his Empire rather than Cede it to the Luxembourgers Overrides any Concerns. In the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Diet of Prague is “Persuaded” to Elect Prince William-George of Oldenburg as King of Bohemia and the Luxembourgise Representatives are Dismissed. He Immediately Removes all Catholics from Positions of Power which Satisfies Lutheran Population but leaves the Country Economically Crippled ~ the Treasury Drains away and, by the End of 1619, William-George is largely Reliant on the Army Encamped outside of Prague for his Authority. 1620 3rd January In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, Angry at the Perceived Snubbing of their Claim to the Bohemian Crown, the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands Form an Alliance with Austria. A Secret Clause in their Alliance Promises Bohemia to Luxemburg while Austria gets Moldavia. In the Byzantine Empire, Hieros Thomopoulos, a Greek Scientist Working in the City of Miletus, Province, Formulates the First Known Theory about the Basic Structure of the Atom. Progress in this Area is slow, Hampered by the Fact that there are few ways to Test these Theories since the Appropriate Equipment has not been Availabile. 1622 In the Principality of Prussia, the Death of the Childless Albert of Prussia Opens a Sideshow that will take Poland and Gothenland out of the Wider War. The Inokian Confederation Hosts a Congress in their Capital of Cahokia, Supposedly to End Iroquois Expansion at their Expense. There are Three Weeks of Pageantry and Diplomacy as 32 Nations send Delegations. The Peace of Niskayuna is Ratified and the Cusabo-Tutelo War is Settled. An Aztec Delegation Arrives Towards the End of the . Instead of coming to Enjoy the Pageantry or to Trade, the Aztecs Present a long List of Complaints to Various , Including the Queen of , Freydís III, Pope-King Gregory XII, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, and the Emperor Eric II, then they leave. Three Weeks later, a huge Aztec Army [Estimated to be 12,000 Men] Crosses over the Grande and begins Destroying every Force sent to stop them. In the Kingdom of Savoy, the Kingdom of Aragon, seeing Austria is Distracted elsewhere and they have an Opportunity to Advance their Own Goals in the Italian Peninsular, Invades the Kingdom of Savoy. Austria Is Forced to Redirect its Forces away from Bohemia and the Schmalkaldic Empire Re ~ establishes its Grip on the Kingdom, Defeating Austria in the Battle of Cercany. 1625 In the Kazakh Khaganate, Shah Abbas I of Persia Invades the Kazakh Khaganate and Absorbs most of their Lands. Worried about the Fate of Minority Christian Russian Cossacks [who have, for some Time, been Migrating into the Lands held by the Kazakh Horde, where they have been Permitted to Settle so long as they Pay Tribute to the Kazakh Khagan] Russian Tsar Dmitri III sends Armies into the Northern Portions of the Region. In the Grey League, the Ongoing War between the Grand Duchy of Milan and the Swiss Confederation is Disrupting the Route from Vienna to Savoy. To Re ~ establish the Link, the Austrian tries to Force its way through the Grey League’s Territory, only to become Bogged down in Valley ~ by ~ Valley Warfare. In , the Kingdom of Svealand, along with the Ladish Confederation, is Persuaded to Join the War. Gustavus Adolphus Appoints the Capable General as Head of the non ~ Kalmar Forces in Germany. 1626 30th September In the Empire of The Great Ming, Nurhaci, Khagan of the Jin Empire, is Defeated and Slain in Battle by a Portuguese ~ made Cannonball a far smaller Force Lead by Yuan Chonghuan. He will be Remembered by Future Historians for Reorganising and the Various Jin [later ] Tribes, Consolidating the Eight Banners Military System, and, Eventually, for Launching Attacks against the Ming Dynasty in China and the in , laying the Groundwork for the Conquest of the rest of China by his Descendants, who will Found the Qing Dynasty in 1636. 1629 19th January In the Persian Empire, Shah Abbas I of Persia [who will be Called “Abbas the Great” because of his Expansion of the Persian ] Passes away at the Age of 57 in his Palace in Farahabad, . He will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Brilliant Tactician and Strategist who Preferred to use Diplomacy rather than War to Achieve his Goals and Gained Strong Support from among the Common People by spending much Time among them, Personally Visiting Bazaars and other Public Places in Isfahan. Under his Leadership, Persia Develops the Ghilman System where Thousands of , , and Armenian Slave Soldiers Join the Civil Administration, the House, and the Military. These Actions, as well as his Reforms of the Persian Army Enable him to Fight the Egyptians and the and Reconquer Persia’s lost Provinces, Regaining Possession over Transcaucasia, [Including Georgia, whose People he Subjects to Genocide] , as well as large Swaths of Eastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia. In the Persian Empire, the new Shah of Persia, Safi I, Announces that he is Content with the Size of his Empire and Sues for Peace. A Treaty is Drawn up Establishing the Border between the Two Empires and Peace Settles across the Region. 1630 In the Russian Empire, Desiring a Warm Water Port in the Baltic, Tsar of Russia sends his Armies to Invade the Principality of Livonia. To Protect their Own Interests there, the Kingdoms of Gothenland and Oppose him. 1635 In the Later Jin Empire, Khagan Hong Taiji changes the Name of his People to the Manchu [“Brave”] and Renames his Dynasty the Empire of The Great Qing. In the Principality of Livonia, the War against Russia comes to an End after the Svealandic Fails to Capture Pskov. Svealand, however, Effectively takes over the Running of Livonia. In Aragonese , the Peace of Havana is Signed between Representatives of the Queendom of in the of Havana, and the Aztec Empire, bringing the First Aztec-American War to an , Overseen by Prince John of Aragon. In Order to Prevent the Collapse of Armies, the Negotiations are Rushed and, under the Terms of the Treaty, the Aztec Conquest of the Inde [OTL Apache] and Several Tribes beyond the Grande is Confirmed. 1637 The Empire of The Great Qing, Lead by Nurhaci’s Son Hong Taiji, Invade the Kingdom of Korea. 1639 In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth II of Declares War against the Kingdom of France. The Duchy of , Duchy of , Duchy of and Kingdom of Navarre Declare War against the Kingdom of England in Support of France. 1640 13th April In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth II of , needing to Raise Funds to Pay for Involvement in the Fifty Years’ War, Recalls Parliament. 17th April In the Kingdom of England, John Pym, the MP for Tavistock, gives a long Speech Expressing the Refusal of the Commons to Vote for Subsidies unless Royal Abuses are Addressed. 5th May In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth II, Irritated by the Resumption of the Debate on Crown Privilege and the Violation of Parliamentary Privilege by the Arrest of 9 MPs in 1629 and Unnerved by the upcoming Debate on the Deteriorating Situation in Scotland, Dissolves Parliament after Three Weeks’ Sitting. 1642 10th July In the Kingdom of England, Anxious to stop the Arsenal being Moved to London, Queen Elizabeth II Rides to Hull in Person at the Head of an Army of 3,000 Infantry and 1,000 Cavalry and Demands Entry. Sir John Hotham and the Hull Corporation Declare their Support for Parliament and Refuse to Allow Queen Elizabeth or any Member of her Entourage Entry into the Town and Duly Secures the Gates and Raises the Drawbridges. 22nd August In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth II Hoists the Royal Standard from atop Nottingham Castle in the City of Nottingham, East Mercia. This is a Call to Arms for her Supporters. The Queen of England has Declared War against Parliament. As both sides start to Raise their Armies, Difficult Decisions have to be made up and down the Country. Which side should People Support? Should they Back the Queen and Join her Cavaliers, or Support Parliament and become Known as a “Roundhead?” 2nd September In the Commonwealth of England, the English Long Parliament Orders the Closure of all Theatres in London, Effectively Ending the Era of Theatre in England. 1649 In the of Fryslân, Outraged that England has done nothing to Assist in the War against the Holy Roman Empire, Fryslân Rebels. By the End of the Year, an Independent Government has been Established and Fryslân has begun Forming a National Army of its Own. 1644 25th May In the Chinese Empire, the Manchus Invade after Nurhaci’s Demands that the Ming Dynasty Pay him Tribute are Refused. [the Ming are not Prepared to Pay Money to someone who they Consider to be a Tributary] 1645 30th January In the Kingdom of England, Queen Elizabeth II of England is Beheaded by Order of Parliament in an Eerie Foreshadowing of the Events of 1793. News of the Trial and Execution of an Anointed Queen by her Own Subjects sends Shockwaves throughout Europe. She will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Controversial Figure, Revered by Monarchists as a Christian Martyr and a Saint, Reviled by Republicans as a Tyrant, Blamed for Causing the English Civil War. 9th February In the Commonwealth of England, the Body of Queen Elizabeth II is laid to rest in Private in the Quire of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, alongside the Bodies of her Ancestors, King Henry VIII and Queen Jane Seymour. At some Point, Oliver Cromwell Visits the Coffin and is Heard saying “Oh Cruel Necessity!” As he does so. 1650 The United Kingdoms of The Netherlands Invades the County of Fryslân, Eager to stop it falling under the Kalmar Sphere of Influence. However, a Renewed in and Resistance from Fryslân gives Kalmar the Time it needs to Occupy Strategic Positions and keep Fryslân Independent. On the Island of Formosa, the Pirate Koxinga Founds a Pirate Kingdom in the South China Sea, Based on Formosa [Taiwan] 1655 9th August In the Commonwealth of England, Law Protector Oliver Cromwell Divides England into 11 Military Districts under Major-Generals. 24th November In the Commonwealth of England, Law Protector Oliver Cromwell Bans Anglicans. 1657 In the Commonwealth of England, Law Protector Oliver Cromwell gives the East India Company a Charter to Govern the Island of Saint Helena. 1658 In the Commonwealth of England, the Kalmar Union Invades England, Overthrows the Commonwealth and Restores the Monarchy. Accompanying the Force is the Future Politician and Diarist Samuel Pepys. In the Empire of The Great Qing, the Shunzhi Emperor of China sends his to Invade the Kingdom of Formosa and Garrison the Island. In the Kingdom of Portugal, the English Colonisation of Saint Helena Finally Persuades Portugal that the Treaty of Tordesillas is Unenforcable. In the Kingdom of England, a Spanish Invasion Force Fails to Recapture Jamaica from the English. 1660 1st January In the Kingdom of England, Samuel Pepys begins his Diary. 25th September In the Kingdom of England, Samuel Pepys Drinks his First Cup of Tea [an Event he Records in his Diary] 1662 In the Kingdom of Denmark, having Failed in an Attempt to Capture Lübeck, a Holy Roman Army Devastates much of the Pomeranian Countryside as they Retreat. 1665 In the Kingdom of Denmark, Peace Negotiations begin in Copenhagen, the only Capital Unaffected by the War. Military Operations, however, continue Unabated in Germany and in Bohemia, Primarily to Improve the Bargaining Positions of the Various Parties at the Peace Conference. Austria is most Noticable by its Absence. 1666 In the Russian Empire, a Russian Inventor Named Boris Vladinov Invents the First Practical Breech ~ Loading Musket. The Idea does not Immediately Catch on, however. 1688 In the Kingdom of England, the State Funeral of Sir Henry Morgan is held in the City of Port Royal, Jamaica ~ the last Time that a Pirate will be so Honoured in an English Colony. At the Time of his Death, Morgan’s Personal Wealth is Valued at £5,263. An Amnesty is Declared so that Pirates may Pay their Respects and a 22 ~ Gun Salute is Fired by Ships Moored in the Harbour. Morgan is Buried in Palisadoes Cemetery. 1670 In English North America, Spanish Frigates Attack Charleston, South Carolina. In the Kingdom of Naples, with its Succession Laws unclear, the Kingdom of Naples Appeals to the Holy Roman Empire to Ward off Aragonese Intervention. King Martin III of Naples Passes away and, as Planned, is Succeded by his Niece, Queen Isabella II. Of the Italian States, only Venice is not a Member of the Holy Roman Empire. 1682 In the Russian Empire, Pyotr Alekséyevich Inherits the Throne of Russia at the Age of 10. [His older Brother, Ivan, is Chronically Ill and is of an Infirm Mind.] 1692 7th June In the Kingdom of England, the City of Port Royal, Jamaica, “the Wickedest City on Earth” Slips into the Sea after a 7.5 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes the City. 2,000 are Immediately Killed, 2,300 Injured and an Estimated 2,000 Die from Diseases which Ravage the Island in the Following Months. Palisadoes Cemetery ~ Including Morgan’s Grave ~ is One Part of the Town which Sinks beneath the Waves and Morgan’s Body, Despite Several Attempts to do so, shall never Subsequently be Located. 1693 In the Kingdom of England, Survivors from the Port Royal Earthquake set up a Camp on the Seafront at the bottom of the Liguanea Plains which will, Eventually, become the City of Kingston, Jamaica. 1698 30th January In the Indian Ocean, Pirate Captain William Kidd Hoists a French Flag and Seizes his Greatest Prize: the 400 ~ ton Quedagh Merchant, an Indian Vessel Hired by Armenian Merchants that is Loaded with Satins, Muslins, Gold, Silver, and an Incredible Variety of East India Company Merchandise. The Captain of the Quedagh Merchant is an Named Wright, who had Bought Passes from the French East India Company Promising him the Protection of the French Crown. Upon Realising that the Captain is , Kidd tries to Persuade the Crew to Return the Ship to her Original Owners but the Crew Refuses, Claiming their Prize is Perfectly Legal since Kidd is Commissioned to take French Ships and an Armenian Ship Counts if it had French Passes. In an Effort to Maintain his Tenuous Control over his Crew, Kidd Relents and lets them keep their Prize. 1699 In English North America, the Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, is Abandoned after Williamsburg is Named as the Capital of Colonial Virginia. 6th July In English North America, Pirate William Kidd is Arrested in Boston, , after being Lured there by a False Promise of Clemency. Kidd is Placed into Stone Jail and spends most of his Time in Solitary Confinement. 1700 1st January Many Protestant Nations in Europe, with the Notable Exception of Great Britain, have Grudgingly Accepted the Reforms to the Julian Calendar First Proposed in the Papal Bull of 1582 by Pope-King Gregory XIII. The new Calendar Seeks to Correct the Gradual Drifting of the Seasons and of the Feast of Easter under the old Julian Calendar which was 11 Days longer than its Civil Equivalent. The Gregorian Reforms Remove the extra Days and Insert a Leap Year ~ an extra Day once every Four Years to further Correct the Drift. 6th November In the Kingdom of Spain, King Charles II “the Bewitched” of Spain Passes away at the Age of 38, inside the Royal Alcázar Fortress inside the Spanish Capital City of Madrid, Province of Madrid. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the last Hapsburg King of Spain, Known for Permanently bringing to an End the Spanish Inquisition, which had, for Years, Remained a Significant Force over Spanish Society, as well as for Leading Spain to Victory during the Anti-French War. He will also be Remembered for Dying without any Sons to Succeed him, which would Spark a Succession Crisis that would, Eventually, Result in the Outbreak of the First Great Global War in Europe, which, at that Time, would be Considered the most Destructive War in European History and the beginning of the Gradual Break up of the Spanish Empire. 1701 In the Most Serene Republic of Venice, a Crushing Naval Defeat at Kythera loses Venice most of its Galley Fleet and Paving the way for an Arabian Army to Safely Land in . In the Kingdom of Spain, at the Request of Philippe of , France, under King of France, Invades the Kingdom of Spain, Hoping to bring the Leonese to Heel. The First Great War has begun. 1703 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a Split in the Sejm Caused by King Stephen II’s Attempts to Rein in their Power Leads to the Elector of Saxony, Michael I, being Crowned as Anti-King. In the Most Serene Republic of Venice, the last Venetian Fortress on Crete Surrenders to the Majmi Caliphate, the last Time Islamic will March into Europe. 1711 In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Supporters of Anti-King Michael I are Defeated, leaving King Stephen II free to Push his Authoritarian Reforms through the Sejm. 1715 13th July In the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, the Treaty of Utrecht is Signed in the City of Utrecht, Province of Utrecht, by Representatives of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of France, the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Electorate of Brandenburg, the Union of Cologne, the Hungarian Empire, the Duchy of Savoy, the Kingdom of England, and the Kingdom of Wales, thus bringing the First Great Global War to its End. Under the Terms of the Treaty, Dauphin Charles, the Eldest Son of Queen Catherine II, will be Crowned as King Charles III of Spain, Merging the Two Nations together as One upon the Death of his Mother, as Women are Forbidden from Inheriting the Throne of Spain in their Own Right, and this will be Recognised by the other Signatory Nations. The Luxembourgese Pretender to the Spanish Throne, Henry William, will give up his Claim and will be Allowed to Return Home. The Duchy of Annexes the Republic of Genoa and the Principality of Orange and Expels their Former Leading Families. The Kingdom of Aragon will be Required to Cede the Island of Sicily and the Island of Sardinia to the Western Roman Empire, as well as Hand over a Number of Spanish Noble Families who had Fought for the Luxembourgese Claimant to be Tried for Treason. [Aragon will never Comply with this Final Demand] England, meanwhile, will Annex the Territory of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean Island of Malta, and the 1718 22nd November In the Portuguese Governorate of Verao, the Pirate Blackbeard is Cornered and Slain in Battle off Ocracoke Inlet by a British Royal Navy Squadron under the Command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard; it takes 20 Cutlass Wounds and 5 Gunshot Wounds to Kill Blackbeard. Blackbeard’s Body is Subsequently Beheaded and Thrown into the Inlet…According to Legend, it Swims Three Times around Maynard’s Ship before it Sinks and the Severed Head is Hung from the Prow so that the £100 Reward can be Collected. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as the Stuff of Lore, becoming the Inspiration for the Archetypal Pirate, Inspiring Books, Films, and even Amusement Park Rides. Various Superstitions will Exist of Blackbeard’s Headless Ghost forever Wandering the Scene of his Bloody Death Bellowing “Where’s my Head?!” 1719 25th April In the Kingdom of Great Britain, English Trader, Writer, Journalist, and Spy Daniel Defoe Publishes the Novel Robinson Crusoe, Presented as an Autobiography of the Titular Character, who Spends 28 Years on a Remote Tropical Island before being Rescued. The Book is well Received among the Literary Circles of the World despite its Simple Narrative Style, and will already have gone through Four Editions before the End of 1719 and will go on to become One of the most Widely Published Books in History, Spawning so many Imitations, not only in Literature, but also in Film, Television, and Radio. 1720 In the Songhai Empire, ever since they Overthrew the Mali Keita Dynasty, the Songhai have Ruled the Empire in a Heavy Handed Fashion which has Caused much Resentment among the Various Subject Tribes. Unlike the Previously Tolerant Mali, the Songhai Regime is very Ethnnocentric. Only Ethnic Songhai can Occupy high Positions in the National Government and Military, and Subject Tribes are Liable for Various Taxes and other Disabilities the Songhai are not. There have been some by the Various Subject Tribes but these have been Brutally Suppressed. One of the Subject Tribes of the Songhai Empire are a Powerful People Called the Benin or who Live in the Coastal Region with their Capital at the City of Benin near the Mouth of the River Niger. The Benin Form an with the and the as well as with the Remnants of the Mali who still Dwell within the Kingdom and Lead a against the Songhai. The are Secretly Supplied with Arms and Equipment by , who are Worried about the Close Ties the Songhai Dynasty has Developed with Egypt. 1724 In the Mali Empire, in a Bitter Civil War that lasts for Four Years, the Songhai are Destroyed and their Power is Broken forever. The Leader of the , King Oba Eresonyen of , is Wise enough to Know that if he tries to Claim the Throne for himself, his and Allies will likely Object and the Kingdom will Fragment into Squabbling . Therefore, with the Agreement of his Allies, he Offers the Crown to King Basi IX of [who is a Direct Descendant of the Royal House who Ruled in Mali before the Songhai Usurped the Throne and thus can be seen as a Legitimate Ruler by everybody] Basi Accepts, and the Return to Mali of the Keita House is a Cause of Great Rejoicing throughout the Kingdom. 1725 In the Russian Empire, Tsarina Catherine I, Emboldened by the Ease of her Predecessor’s Victory over the Persians the Year before, sends Russian Armies into Iran itself, now Seeking to Claim the Byzantium, however, not wanting to see Russia’s only Rival Conquered, sends the Russians an Ultimatum: Withdraw Immediately from Persian Territory, or Face War. Tsarina Catherine I Haughtily Refuses and the Senate Declares War. 1728 In the Russian Empire, Russian Explorer Vitus Bering Discover the Bering Strait, which he Names the Strait of Saint Nicholas. 1729 In the Russian Empire, Tsar Peter II of Russia Sues for Peace with the Byzantines and , bringing to an End the War of Russian . A Treaty is Signed by Representatives of the Byzantine Empire, Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Svealand and the Persian Empire by which Russia Agrees to Withdraw to the Line it held as of 1st January 1725, so the Russian Conquest of Transoxiana is Recognised. Byzantium gets Armenia [taken from its Ostensible Ally, the Persians] and the Southern Region. The Poor Safavids are left Independent but are Clearly Reduced to Second Class Power Status and are Forced into a Client Relationship with the Byzantines. Furthermore, Russia is to Cede Finland to Svealand but gets to keep the Former Svealandic Baltic Provinces South of the Gulf of Finland which have been under Russian Control for Half a Century and are now Heavily Settled by Russians. 1740 31st May In the Electorate of Brandenburg, Prince-Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg Passes away at the Age of 51 in the City of Berlin, State of . He will be Remembered by Future Historians as “the Soldier King,” who Transformed his tiny Country from a Second Rate Power into an Efficient and Prosperous State, Building the Brandenburger Army into Europe’s Finest Fighting Instrument, which can Outmarch and Outshoot all others. In Contrast to the Lavish Court Overseen by his Father, Frederick William I Led a Simple and Austere and Lifestyle. The Observation that “the Pen is Mightier than the Sword” will sometimes be Attributed to him as well. In the Electorate of Brandenburg, Frederick Ascends to the Throne at the Age of 28. At the Time of his Ascension, Brandenburg, unlike most of the German States, has a full Treasury due to his Father’s of Careful Management and One Soldier for every 28 Citizen. 1744 4th October In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the British Royal Navy Warship HMS Victory, with Admiral Sir John Balchen on Board, hits the Casquets Rocks in the English Channel during a Storm and Sinks, Drowning all 1,100 Sailors and Officers she had been bringing Back from to England. The Residents of Jersey Hear her Firing her Distress Guns but are unable to Provide Assistance due to the Severe Storm. 1759 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, William Shakespeare’s Final place of Residence in New Place is Demolished by the then ~ Owner, the Reverend Francis Gastrell, who has become Fed up with Tourists coming to see it. Outraged, the Inhabitants of Stratford-upon-Avon Force Gastrell to leave Town. 7th June In the Kingdom of Great Britain, William Shakespeare’s Final place of Residence in New Place is Demolished by the then ~ Owner, the Reverend Francis Gastrell, who has become Fed up with Tourists coming to see it. Outraged, the Inhabitants of Stratford-upon-Avon Force Gastrell to leave Town. 1769 13th April In the Kingdom of the British Explorer and Cartographer Lieutenant James Cook Drops Anchor in Tahiti on Board the Ship HMS Endeavour, Preparing for the Transit of Venus. While in Tahiti, Cook Tahitian 15th August In the Western Roman Empire, a Son, Napoléon, is Born to Diplomat Carlo Buonaparte and his Wife, Letizia, in their Ancestral Home, Maison Bonaparte, in the City of Ajaccio, Corsica. 1772 13th July In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the British Explorer and Cartographer Captain James Cook sets Sail from Plymouth with Three Ships on a Voyage of Exploration to Prove the Existence of a large, Undiscovered Continent even further Southwards than New Zealand. 1773 17th January In the Antarctic Ocean, the British Explorer and Cartographer Captain James Cook, on Board HMS Resolution, becomes the First European to Cross the Antarctic Circle. They Sail within 120 km of the Antarctic Coastline before being Forced to turn Back by Ice Sheets. 27th April In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the British Parliament Passes the Tea Act, Granting the Financially Struggling British East India Company a Monopoly on the North American Tea Trade, giving it the Right to Ship its Tea Directly to New England without First stopping in Britain, and to Commission Agents who have the Sole Right to Sell Tea. The Act is Deeply Loathed in New England because it Forces the Colonists to Pay a Tax of 3 Pennies on every Pound of the Drink of Choice for most New Englanders. 1775 18th April In British North America, under Instructions from Dr. Joseph Warren, Paul Revere and William Dawes, Ride from the City of Boston, Massachusetts, to the Town of Lexington, Massachusetts, to Warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams that British Colonial Forces are on their way to take them Prisoner and to Seize American Weapons and Ammunition Stored in the Town of Concord, Massachusetts. 19th April In British North America, as the British Advance Guard Enter the Town of Lexington, Massachusetts, under the Command of Major John Pitcairn at Sunrise, about 80 American Minutemen Emerge from Buckman Tavern and Assemble on the Town Common under the Command of Captain John Parker, a Veteran of the Third Great World War, with between 40 and 400 Spectators Lining the Roads. Major Pitcairn Rides forward, Waving his Sword, and Calls out, “Lay down your Arms, you Damned Rebels!” Captain Parker, who Knows he doesn’t Stand a Chance, Tells his Men to go Home, but, Due to the General Confusion and the Raspiness of Captain Parker’s Voice, nobody does. Both Captain Parker and Major Pitcairn Order their Men to hold their Fire, but a Single Shot is Heard. [Both Sides will Blame the other for Firing First] Without Receiving Orders to do so, the British begin Firing Devastating Volleys and then Charge with Bayonets, Killing 8 Americans and Wounding 10. The rest Flee for their Lives in Terror. The American Revolutionary War has begun. In British North America, upon Learning of the Events in Lexington, American Colonel James Barrett Assembles his Minutemen in Concord, Massachusetts, but they are Unsure if they should Flee, stay and Defend the Town, or March out and Greet the British on Superior Terrain. Caution Prevails, and the Americans Withdraw from the Town to a Hill about a Mile North of Concord from where they can continue to Watch the Troop Movements of the British and the Activities in the Centre of Town. This Step Proves Fortuitous, as the Ranks of the Americans’ continue to Grow as more and more Minutemen Arrive from Neighbouring Towns to Join them there. When the British Arrive in Concord, Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith Divides his Men in Order to carry out General Thomas Gage’s Orders. The Grenadiers Secure South Bridge while the Light Infantry Secure North Bridge, where they are Visible across the Cleared Fields to the Assembling American Companies. Four British Companies go up the Road Beyond the North Bridge to Search Barrett’s Farm using Detailed Information from Loyalist Spies. 1778 In the Western Roman Empire, Carlo Buonaparte uses his Influence to Secure a place for Napoléon in the Military Academy of Turin on the Italian Mainland, far from Corsica and the Confines of Island Life. As Napoléon Prepares to leave his Island Home, he Feels Nervous. He is a Boy leaving his Family behind for a Life in a strange place. Little does he Know that he is starting out on a Path that will change the Face of Europe forever. 10th July The Kingdom of France Declares War against the Kingdom of Great Britain in Support of the United States, as King Louis XIV and his Ministers Hope to Avenge France’s Defeat and Humiliation at the End of the Third Great Global War, and maybe Regain the Colonies lost to Great Britain during that Conflict. 1780 In British North America, the First Troops from the British East India Company Arrive. In Command is not only a Living Legend but also the Conqueror of Mughal India: Major-General Lord Robert Clive…“Clive of India” himself. The American Revolutionary War is about to get Complicated. 29th November In the Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa Passes away at the Age of 63 inside the Hofburg Palace in the Capital City, Vienna, State of Vienna. The only Woman to Rule in her Own Right, the Empress will hold a Place of Honour in the Annals of Austrian History. Her Reign will be Remembered by Future Historians as the last Great Period of Holy Roman Expansion, and also as a Reformer who Promulgated many Financial and Educational Reforms. More Negatively, she will be Remembered for her Refusal to Allow Pluralism and for Actively trying to Suppress Non ~ Catholic Religions. 1782 20th June In the United States, the Bald Eagle is chosen as the National Bird of the United States over the Objections of Benjamin Franklin, who Thinks the Chicken is a Nobler Bird. 29th August In the Kingdom of Great Britain, while Anchored in Spithead, , for Repairs to her Hull, the Man O’ HMS Royal George Capsizes and Sinks with the Loss of 900 Lives, along with 300 Women and 60 Children who are Visiting Family Members on Board the Ship, making it One of the Deadliest Maritime Disasters in British Territorial Waters. 255 People are Saved, Including 11 Women and One Child. Some Escape by Climbing up the Rigging or are Picked up by Boats from other Vessels, and the Drum is never Sounded. 1783 In the United States, there is One British Commander not Prepared to take the News of Lord Cornwallis’ Surrender lying down: Clive. Clive, the Conqueror of Mughal India, is Unwilling to Admit Defeat and comes up with an Elaborate Plan to March down from Canada, through Louisiana [using a Military Access Treaty Negotiated with Aragon] and into Georgia, where, he Hopes, he Might be able to Force the Americans to Negotiate a Peace Treaty more Favourable to Britain. 8th April The Crimean Khaganate, which has Existed since 1441 and is a last Remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is Annexed by the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great. 3rd September In the Kingdom of France, the Treaty of Paris is Signed by Representatives of the Kingdoms of Great Britain, France, Spain, the United Kingdoms of The Netherlands and the United States, thus bringing the American Revolutionary War to an End. Under the Terms of the Treaty, all Signatory Nations are to Cease Hostilities Immediately, and all Prisoners of War are to be Released. The Kingdom of Great Britain will Recognise the Independence of the United States, and all Property of the British Army now in the U.S., [Including Slaves] are Forfeit. 1784 8th January In the United States, Benjamin Rush is a Doctor and a Veteran of the American Revolutionary War. He is a quiet, Bespectacled Chap who Behaves himself, is Anti ~ Slavery and Anti ~ Capital Punishment. It’s a Historical Irony, therefore, that he is taken, Stripped Naked and Impaled upon a Stake, starting the Reign of Terror with a bang. 1785 In the Western Roman Empire, Napoléon di Buonaparte Graduates from the Military Academy of Turin and is Commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in an Artillery Brigade. 1786 8th August In the Kingdom of Savoy, Jacques Balmat and Savoyard Diplomat Michel Gabriel Paccard become the First Men to stand on the Summit of Mont Blanc, the highest Mountain in Europe. 1787 14th May In the United States, Delegates begin to Arrive in the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a Convention Intended to Revise and Fix the Articles of Confederation, Presided over by Former General George Washington. James Madison Arrives First, Followed by most of the Virginia Delegation, and Produces the “Virginia Plan” for a Bicameral Legislative Branch. 10th August In the Holy Roman Empire, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Completes Eine Kleine Nachtmusik in the Austrian Capital City of Vienna, State of Vienna. The Serenade will Remain One of Mozart’s most Popular and most Reproduced Works. 17th September In the United States, the Final Draft of the new U.S. Constitution is Submitted to the States for Ratification. 29th October In the Holy Roman Empire, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Opera, Don Giovanni, Premiers inside the Estates Theatre in the City of Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, for a Visit to Prague by the Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the Niece of the Western Roman Caesar, Leopold II. 1788 In the Kingdom of Great Britain, Convicts Building the Foundations for a Prison on the Site of Hyde Abbey Uncover Three Stone Coffins Believed to belong to King Alfred “the Great” of Wessex, his Wife, Queen Ealhswith, and his Eldest Son, King Edward “the Elder.” The Convicts Smash the Coffins and the Lead which Lines the Coffins is Sold for Two Guineas and the Bones inside are Scattered. The Bones are Subsequently Gathered by the Roman Catholic Priest Dr. Milner and Reburied in an Unmarked Grave in the Graveyard of St. Bartholomew's Church, Winchester. 7th December In the United States, the State of Delaware becomes the First State to Ratify the U.S. Constitution, and becomes the First U.S. State. 1789 In the Kingdom of , Napoleon di Buonaparte Resigns his Commission with the Army in Order to Enlist in the Revolutionary Army of the Republic of Tuscany. 28th April In the Kingdom of Tonga, about 30 Nautical Miles South of the Pacific Island of Tofua, Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian and 18 Mutineers Seize Control of the British Royal Navy Ship HMS Bounty from their Captain, Lieutenant William Bligh, and Cast him Adrift in the Bounty’s Longboat with 18 of the 22 Sailors still Loyal to him. 24th July In the Sri Vijayan Empire, Survivors from the Mutiny on the HMS Bounty, Including Captain William Bligh and 18 others, Arrive at the Island of Timor after a nearly 4,000 Mile Journey in an open Boat. 1790 26th January In the Kingdoms of Austria & Bohemia, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Opera, Così fan Tutte, is First Performed inside the Burgtheater in the Austro-Bohemian Capital of Vienna, of Vienna. 1792 26th December In the Second Roman Republic, in Ravenna, the Trial of the Deposed Caesar Leopold II [who is Referred to as “Citizen Habsburg” by the National Assembly] Charged with Colluding with Foreign before the Senate of Rome begins with a Statement by the President of the National Assembly, Francesco Melzi d’Eril. 1793 21st January In the Second Roman Republic, the Deposed Caesar Leopold II is Executed by the Guillotine after being Tried for Treason by the Senate of Rome. The News of the Execution of an Anointed Monarch by his Own Subjects sends Shockwaves throughout Europe. He will be Remembered by Future Historians in a Sympathetic Light, his Death as Unnecessary and Contributing to a Radicalisation of Revolutionary Violence and to a Greater Divisiveness among Romans. 1st February In the Second Roman Republic, a Coalition of the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Aragon, the Duchy of Auvergne and the of , Lead by Duke Philippe I of Auvergne in Person, Seeking to Restore Ferdinand III, the Son of the Executed Caesar Leopold II and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain as Caesar of Rome, Cross over the Alps. What will become Known to History as the Fourth Great Global War ~ the World’s First truly Industrial War ~ has begun. 5th October In the Second Roman Republic, Lieutenant Napoléone di Buonaparte is Promoted to Suppression of the 13 Vendémiaire Rebellion in 1795 24th October In the , the Third Partition of Poland is Signed between Representatives of the Electorate of Brandenburg, Austrian and Russian Empires. Under the Terms of the Treaty, the Electorate of Brandenburg Annexes , the Remainder of , and , with 1,000,000 People. The Austrian Empire is Granted Control of the Western and Southern , with Approximately 1.2,000,0000 People. Russia Receives the Remaining Land ~ Including Vilnius ~ and 1.2,000,000 People. Unlike in the Previous Two Partitions, no Representative is Invited and the Victors also Agree to Erase the Country’s Name: “in View of the Necessity of Abolishing everything which might Revive the Memory of the Existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the Annulment of this Body has been Effected, the High Contracting Parties Agree and Undertake never to Include in their Titles the Name of the Kingdom of , which shall Remain Suppressed forever.” 1796 26th March In the Second Roman Republic, Napoleone di Buonaparte is sent by the Directorate to take Command of the Second Roman Republican Legion [37,000 Men and 60 Cannon] at . He is Charged by the Directorate to Invade and Capture Klagenfurt, from where the Romans can Stage their Glorious March on Vienna! 3rd November In the United States, a Presidential Election, held Nationwide, Results in Victory for the Federalist Party Candidate John Adams and his Running Mate, Alexander Hamilton, who Carry 9 States and Gain 35,726% of the Popular Vote and 71 Electoral Votes. Their Opponents, Democratic-Republican Party Candidate Thomas Jefferson and his Running Mate, Senator Aaron Burr of New York, Carry 7 States and Gain 31,115% of the Popular Vote and 68 Electoral Votes. 1799 4th May In the Kingdom of , Tipu Sultan, the Ruler of , is Shot and Killed by British Forces Besieging Srirangapatna while trying to Flee the Town. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as a Pioneer of Rocket Artillery who Deployed as many as 1,200 Specialised Troops in his Army to Operate Rockets and was a Fierce Warrior King who was so fast in his Movement that he seemed to the Enemy to be Fighting on many Fronts at once. He Managed to Subdue all of the Petty Kingdoms of the South as well as being One of the few Indian Rulers to Defeat the Armies in Battle. Successive Indian National Congresses will Applaud Tipu not only as an Indian Ruler who Fought against Colonialism, but also for his Progressive Attitude Towards Religious Diversity, although he will also be Criticised for his Repression of the of Malabar and the Christians of Mangalore for both Religious and Political Reasons. 9th November In the Second Roman Republic, with the Public in Awe of his Victories, Napoleon di Buonaparte Marches into Ravenna at the Head of an Army to a Hero’s Welcome and Orders the Arrest of Several Leading Members of the Directorate, and Installs himself as First Consul of the Republic. 14th December In the United States, American Political Leader, Statesman and Military Commander George Washington Passes away at the Age of 67 in Mount Vernon, Virginia. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as One of the most Influential in American History, having Served both as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, a Hero of the American Revolutionary War, and as First King of United States of America, with various Historians Maintaining that Washington was a Dominant Factor in America’s Founding, in the American Revolutionary War, and in the . As the Leader of the First Successful Revolt against a European Power, Washington will become a Symbol of Liberation and of American Nationalism. 1800 7th February In the Second Roman Republic, a Public Plebiscite in the Second Roman Republic Confirms Napoleon di Buonaparte as Chief Consul by a Substantial Majority. 2nd April In the Austrian Empire, Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony No. 1 is First Performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna, State of . 15th May In the Second Roman Republic, First Consul Napoléon di Buonaparte and his Republican Legion [40,000 Men, not Including the Field Artillery and the Baggage Train, 35,000 Light Artillery and Infantry and 5,000 Cavalry] begin Crossing the Alps. He Selects the shortest Route over the St. Bernard Pass and Invades after Five Days of Traversing the Southern of . 1801 1st January In the Kingdom of England, the Acts of Union are Signed by the Parliaments of England and Ireland in London, Permanently Dissolving the Separate Parliament of Ireland in Dublin and Uniting the Two as One: the Kingdom of Great Britain has been Born. 24th December In the of Great Engineers Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian Demonstrate “Puffing Devil,” their Steam ~ Powered Locomotive, in Camborne, . Trial is Successful, however Trevithick Realises the Limitations of Steam Power in a Road ~ going Vehicle and Turns his Attention to Railways. 1802 1st September In the Kingdom of France, King Louis XIV “the Sun King” Passes away at the Age of 76 inside the Palace of Versailles in the City of Versailles, Île-de-France, from Gangrene. He will be Remembered by Future Historians as France’s most Competent, most Beloved Monarch, his Reign as a Time of Reform and Liberalisation after Centuries of Feudalism, forever Breaking the Power of the Roman Catholic Church and of the Traditional Landed Aristocracy. His most lasting Legacy will be the French Constitution of 1793, which Allowed for the Establishment of a Two ~ Tiered Parliament [Modelled after that of Great Britain, France’s Traditional Enemy] More Negatively, he will be Criticised as a War Leader for Leading France to Defeat during the Third Great Global War and then for Actively Attempting to Suppress the Italian Revolution at the beginning of the Fourth Great Global War, which will make him somewhat Reviled among Italian Republicans and Bonapartists. 25th October In the Kingdom of France, Dauphin Louis, the Great ~ Grandson of Louis XIV, is Crowned as King Louis XV of France inside Reims Cathedral in the City of Reims, Province of Champagne, at the Age of just Five Years. 1803 In the Prince-Bishopric of Münster-Westphalia, the World gets its First Taste of the Industrial Revolution when Inventor John Lewe Demonstrates his Mechanical Weaving Machine. He is soon Chased out of the City by Angry Members of the Weavers’ Guild, however.