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How Paul Dirac uncovered the anti-universe.

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Terry Bollinger

A nicely informative and mind-stretching video. Thanks.

Kat Seibert

Why don't you do a video on the PET scanner as they use positrons and it would show a practical use of positrons.

Terry Bollinger

Referring to the opposite personalities of Paul and Margit Dirac, you said, “So, that is one particle-antiparticle pair that never annihilated.” Physics also has a critically important particle-antiparticle pair that never annihilated. Without it, the universe we know could never have existed, including, arguably, historical space and time. We call it the hydrogen atom. Somehow, somewhere, someway, very early in the history of our universe, a few electrons got extremely lonely and very confused. Their positron partners had inexplicably wandered far away from them to parts unknown. Forget quarks and mesons and such. The missing positrons are themselves a mystery, since positrons can only disappear when they find matching electrons to cancel them out. Yet you cannot create the electrons they need without also creating more positrons. So, to paraphrase a bit, “Where, in the world, is Positron San Diego?” Yet, like the Diracs, they finally found mysterious new partners that matched them precisely in charge, yet were complete opposites in mass and most other features. These strange new not-a-positron partners _almost_ canceled them out by annihilating mind-bendingly powerful long-distance electric charge, yet could not cancel fully due to mismatches in nearly every other detail. Without the almost-canceled neutrality that lets them drift apart in space, and without their persistence over billions of years, the rest of our universe could never have come into existence. Forget the one-in-a-billion particle decay asymmetries. It’s the wrong question. The harder question is this: Where did all those missing positrons and anti-protons go, and, for that matter, how did the electrons and protons manage to permanently escape the incredibly powerful electric clutches of their original partners?