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What were the major (and not-so-reported-but-still-major) world events of the early 1990s? The USSR was dying, the economy was suffering, and problems abounded. Observers theorized on America's future role in a post-soviet world. First, we look into America's foreign policy and George Bush's New World Order speech before noting the role of the United Nations. Then we travel to dozens of locations around the world (from the UK, to France, to Afghanistan, to Palestine, to Rwanda, to South Africa, to Cuba, to Peru, to Japan, to China-- and lots of places in between. How did structural adjustment, the World Bank, and international monetary funds impact developing nations? How did George Bush lie about Iraq? How were revolutionary governments neutered by globalization and neoliberal politics? How did some governments, like China and Cuba, adapt? How did the world fail Rwanda and other nations struggling with genocide? Lets get to it!

-Episode 1 Study Guide, Glossary, Puzzles: HERE 

-In-Video chapters will be uploaded later today.

Sources + Further Reading

Series Texts

America In The Nineties (Nina Wsperanza Serrianne)

1995: The Year The Future Began (W. Joseph Campbell)

Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s  (Nicole Hemmer)

The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Naomi Klein)

The Red and The Blue: The 1990s and the Birth of Political Tribalism (Steve Kornacki)

The Age of Clinton (Gil Troy)

The Nineties (Chuck Klosterman)

Politics of Latin America ( Harry Vanden and Gary Prevost)

The Roaring Nineties: The History of The World's Most Prosperous Decade (Joseph E Stiglitz)

The Postmodern Presidency: Bill Clinton's Legacy in US Politics (Steven Schier)

The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (Bruce J Schulman)

The 1970s: A New Global History From Civil Rights to Economic Inequality (Thomas Borstelmann)

Fault Lines: A History of The United States Since 1974 (Kevin Kruse and Julian E. Zelizer)

The Other Eighties: A Secret History of America in the Age of Reagan (Bradford Martin)

The Age of Reagan: A History (1974-2008) Sean Wilentz

Morning In America: How Ronald Reagan Invented The 1980s (Gil Troy)

Back To Our Future: How The 1980s Explain The World We Live in Now-- Our Culture, Our Politics, Our Everything (David Sirota)

Conservatives in Power: The Reagan Years, 1981-1989, A Brief History With Documents (Meg Jacobs and Julian E Zelizer)

Living In The Eighties (Edited by Gil Troy and Vincent J Cannato)

When States Kill: Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror (Edited by Cecilia Menjivar and Nestor Rodriguez)

A People's History of The United States (Howard Zinn)

1989: Democratic Revolutions at the Cold War’s End (Compiled by Padraic Kennedy)

Palestine: A Socialist Introduction (Edited by Sumaya Awad and brian bean)

History of South Africa: 1902 To The Present (Pages 323-410) (Thula Simpson)

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https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html

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https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/21/world/us-planning-1.5-billion-in-food-aid-to-soviet-peoples-through-moscow.html

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https://www.newspapers.com/image/944331717/

https://www.history.com/news/bill-clinton-boris-yeltsin-drunk-1994-russian-state-visit

https://www.politico.com/blogs/on-congress/2009/09/yeltsin-drunk-in-his-underwear-hailing-a-cab-021553

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/06/the-wild-east/376360/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/russian_mafia/70095.stm

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https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/06/08/book-diana-attempted-suicide/

https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/11/24/taxpayer-money-will-fix-windsor-castle/

https://moneyweek.com/416287/26-november-1992-the-queen-volunteers-to-pay-income-tax

https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/1993/02/princess-diana-revenge-anthony-holden-cover

https://libcom.org/article/class-war-57-1992

https://www.newspapers.com/image/323566817/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/260280010/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/751634003/

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1990-1999/Story/0,,112744,00.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/27/elizabeth-ii-offers-to-pay-taxes/36611a4c-cee2-4cd1-ae33-080511e6a37b/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/27/world/in-switch-from-tradition-queen-will-pay-taxes.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-1992-was-such-a-horrible-year-for-elizabeth-ii-and-the-royal-family-180981069/

https://www.qmul.ac.uk/mei/media/mei/tgc-media/filesx2fpublications/Black-Wednesday-30-Years-On.pdf

https://www.ig.com/uk/news-and-trade-ideas/forex-news/black-wednesday-explained-181217

https://wearencs.com/blog/uk-black-history-decade-1990s

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3685733.stm

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/07/0731/lawrence.shtml

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stephen-lawrence-murder-matthew-white-timeline-b2364160.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/world/girl-14-raped-and-pregnant-is-caught-in-web-of-irish-law.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/27/world/irish-court-says-girl-can-leave-to-obtain-abortion-in-britain.html

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https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19148459

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/26/world/serb-rejects-plan-posed-by-europe.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/04/world/cease-fire-stills-gunfire-in-croatia.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/03/30/croatia-serbs-sign-cease-fire/06623bc9-d96b-4954-a950-cf362b727842/

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/weekinreview/the-world-the-tearing-apart-of-yugoslavia-place-by-place-family-by-family.html

https://balkaninsight.com/balkan-transitional-justice-home

https://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/Yugoslavia%20Chapter%201980-1991.pdf (pages 273-319)

https://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/bosnia.htm

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/

https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bosnia-herzegovina/case-study/background/1992-1995

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1994/09/25/in-the-shadow-of-the-holocaust/8a08e0b4-c929-4694-9f68-7597b5e254dc/

https://balkaninsight.com/2013/10/02/clinton-recalls-us-role-in-stopping-bosnia-war/

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https://twitter.com/BosnianHistory/status/1366097959541215234

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https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/15/opinion/deception-on-capitol-hill.html

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https://www.newspapers.com/image/338322149/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/247781852/?terms=oil%20fire%20kuwait&match=1

https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/12/islamic-isis-flags-black-banners-hamas/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/120714310/

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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan

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https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2021/08/17/afghanistan-taliban-history

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/etc/cron.html

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pipe-dreams-the-taliban-and-drugs-from-the-1990s-into-its-new-regime/

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-18-mn-274-story.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/16/opinion/zionism-is-not-racism.html

https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/the-mystery-of-baruch-goldstein

https://www.newspapers.com/image/706665541/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/323687557/

https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Israel.htm

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/world/mideast-tensions-saudi-oil-exports-rise-to-new-high-erasing-shortage.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/19/world/saudis-criticized-over-mecca-tunnel-disaster.htmlhttps://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19900705&slug=1080636

https://africasacountry.com/2014/12/the-history-of-nigerias-democracy-movement

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https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-02-mn-22754-story.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/28/business/futures-markets-oil-prices-jump-as-workers-in-nigeria-join-wide-strike.html

https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca2dd.html

https://peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Sierraleone.pdf

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094419

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/oct99/sierra16.htm

https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/mandelas-economic-legacy

https://time.com/6116963/nelson-mandela-fw-de-klerk/

https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/southafrica1/8.htm

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-23-mn-1711-story.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/16/world/140-blacks-slain-in-south-africa-as-factions-clash.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-23-mn-1711-story.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803032/#:~:text=Initiation%20of%20the%20Generalised%20Epidemic%20(1988%E2%80%931994)&text=Between%201990%20and%201994%20there,women%20in%201994%20(15)

https://www.newspapers.com/image/241949578/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/439442100/

https://books.google.com/books?id=8X17JjiXfYYC&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.newspapers.com/image/158428817/

https://theconversation.com/land-reform-in-south-africa-what-the-real-debate-should-be-about-182277

https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/liberia/facts.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05429.6?searchText=%28liberian+civil+war%29&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3Dliberian%2Bcivil%2Bwar%26f0%3Dall%26c1%3DAND%26f1%3Dall%26acc%3Don&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A649a69b997b0730b45404f59ca9bd2af

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/11/obituaries/samuel-doe-10-year-reign-in-the-shadow-of-brutality.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/624886858/?terms=samuel%20doe&match=1

https://www.newspapers.com/image/751484684/

https://www.bencurtis.org/liberian-civil-war

https://www.npr.org/2013/10/05/229561805/what-a-downed-black-hawk-in-somalia-taught-america

https://www.newspapers.com/image/260088548/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/158858524/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/656458871/

https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/04/this-day-in-politics-dec-4-1992-1037009

https://isreview.org/issue/77/making-somalias-nightmare-worse/index.html

https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/black-hawk-anniversary-al-qaedas-hidden-hand/story?id=20462820

https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/r/rwanda/rwanda993.pdf

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB511/

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html

https://www.democracynow.org/2014/4/7/refusing_to_call_it_genocide_documents

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/britain-ignored-genocide-threat-in-rwanda-9179109.html

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/themes/response.html

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/etc/crontext.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/world/africa/france-rwanda-genocide-report.html

https://mondediplo.com/2021/06/11rwanda

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/world/africa/un-cables-reveal-a-turning-point-in-rwanda-crisis.html

https://www.salon.com/2016/05/16/

forgotten_scandal_how_the_u_s_prevented_u_n_action_on_rwandan_genocide_under_bill_clinton_and_madeleine_albright/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483414?seq=4

https://www.dailysabah.com/world/europe/france-opens-its-archives-on-rwandan-genocide-to-public

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/sep/12/americas-secret-role-in-the-rwandan-genocidehttps://books.google.com/books?id=MR6mCNA-ju4C&pg=PA140&dq=rwanda+genocide&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-xYjx2JmAAxXol2oFHdoCDCMQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/donald-m-payne-njs-first-black-congressman-and-an-advocate-for-africa-dies-at-77/2012/03/03/gIQAWjLvuR_story.html

https://www.cpr.org/2014/04/08/remembering-rwandans-who-followed-their-conscience/

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/cyprien-ntaryamira-39-tried-to-end-burundi-s-strife.html

https://theconversation.com/did-machete-imports-to-rwanda-prove-that-the-genocide-against-the-tutsi-was-planned-145374

https://www.newspapers.com/image/464898511/

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/world/2-africa-leaders-die-un-says-rocket-may-have-downed-plane.html

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/05/11/issue.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/464910421/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/15/world/for-west-rwanda-is-not-worth-the-political-candle.html

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/

https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/6/7/music-to-kill-to-rwandan-genocide-survivors-remember-rtlm

https://musicanddisaster.wordpress.com/the-rise-of-radio-and-the-role-of-music-during-the-genocide/https://www.newspapers.com/image/744218863/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/464898218/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECpjGam7zck

https://www.newspapers.com/image/181989964/

https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/29/the-dark-side-of-rwandas-rebirth/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/13/magazine/rwandas-aristocratic-guerrillas.html

https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Category:Testimonies

https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Category:Newspapers

https://minorityrights.org/minorities/banyarwanda/

https://www.theafricareport.com/320665/no-place-to-call-home-for-the-banyarwanda-of-uganda/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/473940694/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/247366022/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/718090660/

https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/z/zimbabwe/zimbabwe904.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/29/world/in-zimbabwe-voting-and-threats-of-violence.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/02/world/mugabe-wins-decisively-in-zimbabwe-voting.html

https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a81018.html

https://time.com/5682135/haiti-military-anniversary/

https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca311d.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/14/world/cia-formed-haitian-unit-later-tied-to-narcotics-trade.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539080

https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1996/01/07/on-whose-side-was-the-cia-in-haiti

https://windowsonhaiti.com/windowsonhaiti/hdr-rmk2.shtml

https://revealnews.org/podcast/the-bitter-work-behind-sugar/

https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/10/Arthur-Ashe-arrested-in-front-of-White-House-in-Haitian-protest/7069716097600/

https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1992/09/10/ashe-94-others-arrested-at-protest-of-haitian-policy/

https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-10-08-9410080154-story.html

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/10/08/issue.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/black-caucus-urges-tougher-haiti-policy.html

https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/09/sugar-central-romana-fanjul-dominican-republic/

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/09/17/265047.html?pageNumber=1

https://www.newspapers.com/image/547214260/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/120367304/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/406013505/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/472289795/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/07/22/anticipating-todays-protests-cubans-took-streets-1994-too/

https://cubaplatform.org/special-period

https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/11/20-years-after-the-1994-cuban-raft-exodus/100852/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/a-makeshift-raft-speaks-to-the-risks-cubans-took-to-escape-their-homeland-180980127/

http://balseros.miami.edu/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993093

https://www.mit.edu/~cis/migration/pubs/rrwp/12_engineered.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/world/protesters-battle-police-in-havana-castro-warns-us.htmlhttps://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca7e17.html

https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R40566.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/14/magazine/the-last-days-of-castro-s-cuba.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/638491721/

https://academic.oup.com/book/9347/chapter-abstract/156136988?redirectedFrom=fulltext

https://potd.pdnonline.com/2017/09/08/48305/

https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/11/20-years-after-the-1994-cuban-raft-exodus/100852/

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/16/business/cuba-s-new-money-law.html

https://www.wired.com/2004/12/cuba/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/638727603/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/238982577/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/233543523/

https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/society/rene-burri-cuba-y-cuba/

https://www.vanityfair.com/news/1994/03/fidel-castro-exclusive-interview

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/11/1/1520-0434_1996_011_0089_tmsslo_2_0_co_2.xml

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/americas/cuba-leaders-black-officials-raul-castro.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/us/flight-from-cuba-in-miami-cuban-exiles-turn-funeral-into-protest.html

https://repository.eclac.org/bitstream/handle/11362/2355/S2003019_en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://islandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/terror%3Aroot

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=ef41ae8ffeaf4c23b2d7e062af947df7

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flibraries.uta.edu%2Fettahulme%2Fimage%2F20111128&psig=AOvVaw2zQK8ttY0UEUaKBrELAhMI&ust=1693976663967000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCJCksP7YkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABBS

https://theconversation.com/the-giant-sucking-sound-of-nafta-ross-perot-was-ridiculed-as-alarmist-in-1992-but-his-warning-turned-out-to-be-prescient-120258

https://aadl.org/node/248853

https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-3-mexico/primary-documents-with-accompanying-discussion-questions/document-9-first-declaration-from-the-lacandon-jungle-today-we-say-enough-is-enough-ya-basta-ezln-command-1993/

http://www.ciphermagazine.com/articles/heat/another-world-is-possiblehttps://www.newspapers.com/image/464645722/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/966350038/

https://nacla.org/news/2022/12/21/spark-hope-ongoing-lessons-zapatista-revolution-25-years

https://www.newspapers.com/image/154574837/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/782556783/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/11/us/noriega-sentenced-to-40-years-in-jail-on-drug-charges.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/29760265

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/13/world/cocaine-is-again-surging-out-of-panama.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/20/convicted-trafficker-describes-noriegas-links-to-drug-cartel/50a6668d-242e-4b66-805f-e611ed11715c/

https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/11220644.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993095

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/07/books/the-sandinista-decade.html

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-interamerican-studies-and-world-affairs/article/abs/fsln-after-the-debacle-the-struggle-for-the-definition-of-sandinismo/B5FFFDB0C08074419BA672542517ED14

https://www.newspapers.com/image/637902264/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/374303248/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/589293109/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/521764318/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/62272756/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/08/10/peru-sets-austerity-measures/98eec033-b406-4a3b-a0b9-b7496cfbdd9a/

https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,970961,00.html

https://www.newsweek.com/self-coup-rocked-peru-197280

https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80614.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/07/world/peru-suspends-democracy-citing-revolt.html

https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2077&context=facpub

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-survey/article/politics-of-illusion-the-collapse-of-the-fujimori-regime-in-peru/6DA4DC60C2017748B62F6BD712AD2E9B

https://www.jstor.org/stable/45345569https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/01/business/peru-seeking-a-debt-swap.html

https://brazilian.report/latin-america/2021/10/17/shining-path-politics-peru/

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB37/

https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/peruvian-women-alleging-forced-sterilization-seek-justice

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB131/dia910923.pdf

https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca7e5.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-24-wr-27553-story.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/561254533/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/122463514/?terms=colombia%20extradition&match=1

https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal-luis-garavito-140-vi/35055148/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/238425359/

https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/colombia/gener1.htm

https://qz.com/india/1043094/pv-narasimha-rao-many-indians-dont-know-the-real-architect-behind-indias-economic-reforms

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-22-mn-2216-story.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/world/india-tv-s-sleepy-response-to-gandhi-death-irks-some.html

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gandhis-assassination-and-the-downfall-of-ltte/article34609851.ece

https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-rise-of-hindu-nationalism-and-its-regional-and-global-ramifications/

https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gandhis-assassination-and-the-downfall-of-ltte/article34609851.ece

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/17/world/riot-scars-are-gone-but-bombay-is-still-healing.html

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fnews-analysis%2Fstory%2Fltte-struck-rajiv-gandhi-was-trying-to-make-political-comeback-1805103-2021-05-21&psig=AOvVaw2AyDVpzlu8XzuL6zbbbWb7&ust=1693994899487000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCOjSsfWck4EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

https://www.newspapers.com/image/120212885/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/260246442/

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.262.5140.1666

https://trends.ufm.edu/en/article/indias-liberalization-1991/#:~:text=The%20Economic%20Liberalization,sector%2C%20and%20revived%20international%20trade

https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8050.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/09/world/revolution-brings-bangladesh-hope.html

https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bangladeshis-bring-down-ershad-regime-1987-1990

https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6bf0.html

http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0522/cs3.html

https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/010/1994/en/

https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/4efc92ab-c1e6-4f4c-a645-b6df0244e05c

https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDONESI945.PDF

https://etan.org/timor/uspolicy.htm

https://www.newspapers.com/image/255727001/

https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa39/010/1992/en/

https://phr.org/wp-content/uploads/1992/10/bloody-may-bangkok-1992.pdfhttps://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/19/world/deaths-mount-as-troops-fire-on-thais.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/27912083?seq=2

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsoutheastasiaglobe.com%2Fthailands-1991-coup%2F&psig=AOvVaw2XHocLity6tuSoaSH9yEur&ust=1693996209590000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCJCS3uahk4EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Thailand-in-1992-The-black-days-of-May

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcarolkiecker.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F04%2F20%2F1-thailand-jan-3-1990%2F&psig=AOvVaw3z22f1QSbehBQJt-7JvzYU&ust=1693996214739000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCPCgnOmhk4EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAZ

https://www.politico.com/story/2008/02/clinton-ends-vietnam-trade-embargo-on-feb-3-1994-008259

https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca6c1e.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4316657

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/01/08/imelda-marcos-seeks-presidency-of-philippines/375d5609-60fa-47ff-8e9c-fdac2998625e/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/08/world/imelda-marcos-back-on-center-stage.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-29-mn-911-story.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/09/24/imelda-marcos-convicted-of-corruption-sentenced/4bb7e6f1-398b-474d-a51f-dda70d8b334a/

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/31/obituaries/fidel-v-ramos-dead.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-01-me-aquino1-story.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/610403532/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/656442786/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/346042590/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/238167238/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/930418127/

https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/institutionalised-victimhood-the-progressive-alternative-for-sex-work-in-the-philippines/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/626551140/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/04/business/japanese-economy-shrinks.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/25/business/market-watch-tokyo-s-bubble-bursts-with-a-vengeance.html

https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1992/04/13/in-japan-wife-goes-with-job/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1992/03/18/japans-bubble-bursts/20e6df85-cffc-4430-bc00-802775a1cf62/

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/30/world/coalition-in-japan-names-new-leader-to-become-premier.html

https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/1993/6/masakos-sacrificehttps://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/07/world/tokyo-journal-finally-prince-finds-a-bride-a-harvard-woman.html

https://www.awf.or.jp/e2/survey.htmlhttps://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/japans-apologies-on-comfort-women-not-enough/

https://kls.law.columbia.edu/content/lawsuits-brought-against-japan-former-korean-comfort-women

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/obituaries/kim-hak-soon-overlooked.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26481827

https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-social-consequences-of-japans-financial-crisis-in-the-1990s/

https://nyti.ms/45ODkIw

https://www.newspapers.com/image/900901062/

https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/asia/31yoshimi.html

https://www.cfr.org/timeline/north-korean-nuclear-negotiations

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/20/world/seoul-to-open-border-with-north-briefly.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908666

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1992/10/04/iran-contra-the-presidents-side/2cd56562-85f6-46fe-8ab4-4b953c73eb4e/

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/05/us/bush-s-lawyer-says-nothing-new-in-recent-iran-contra-revelations.html

Realism and The End of the Cold War 

https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/the-ignored-legacy-of-george-h-w-bush-war-crimes-racism-and-obstruction-of-justice/

https://billmoyers.com/2014/06/27/the-first-iraq-war-was-also-sold-to-the-public-based-on-a-pack-of-lies/

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-29-mn-5374-story.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/09/world/bush-in-japan-bush-collapses-at-state-dinner-with-the-japanese.html

https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/29/bush-immigration-reform-1990-1014141

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/29/us/hurricane-andrew-breakdown-seen-in-us-storm-aid.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/29/us/response-to-storm-slow-head-of-agency-admits.html

https://greensboro.com/slow-response-to-hurricane-may-hurt-bush/article_b7a7897a-ab09-5d91-91bb-ceb3fcfbfd18.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/27/us/bush-now-concedes-a-need-for-tax-revenue-increases-to-reduce-deficit-in-budget.html

https://www.newspapers.com/image/192321502/

https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/06/business/the-savings-debacle-a-special-report-a-financial-disaster-with-many-culprits.html

https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/01/09/CNN-Headline-News-within-seconds-of-reporting-Bush-dead/3084694933200/

https://www.newspapers.com/image/177306567/?

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New World Order: Global Events 1990-1994

What were the major (and not-so-reported-but-still-major) world events of the early 1990s? The USSR was dying, the economy was suffering, and problems abounded. Observers theorized on America's future role in a post-soviet world. First, we look into America's foreign policy and George Bush's New World Order speech before noting the role of the United Nations. Then we travel to dozens of locations around the world (from the UK, to France, to Afghanistan, to Palestine, to Rwanda, to South Africa, to Cuba, to Peru, to Japan, to China-- and lots of places in between. How did structural adjustment, the World Bank, and international monetary funds impact developing nations? How and why did George Bush lie about Iraq? How were revolutionary governments neutered by globalization and neoliberal politics? How did some governments, like China and Cuba, adapt? How did the world fail Rwanda and other nations struggling from genocide? SOURCES: GLOSSARY AND STUDY GUIDE: [George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, Frances Fukuyama, tuberculosis, HIV, World Trade Organization, Margeret Thatcher, How Did Margaret Thatcher fall, how did labor oust Margaret Thatcher, UK and the European Union, European exchange rate mechanism, black Wednesday, chunnel, internet, the troubles, Stephen Lawerence, murder of Stephen Lawerence, British racism, Mary Robinson, Sinead O Connor, Toubon law, xenophobia in France and Germany, Muslims in France, banning head scarves in france, Hoyerswerda riots, the rostock riots, molln massacre, the fall of the USSR, the end of the USSR, Gorbachev, failed Soviet Coup Detat 1991, Belavezha Accords, Gorbachev resigns, Boris Yeltsin, Russia's shock therapy, October Coup of 1993, Boris Yeltsin's drinking problem, The Breakup of Yugoslavia, The Bosnian Genocide, Slobodan Milosevic, Croatia, Brioni Agreement, Sadaam Hussein, Invasion of Kuwait, Nayirah congressional testimony, Operation Desert Storm, Gulf War, burning of oil wells, saudi arabia, Afghanistan, formation of Taliban, United Nations and Zionism, Sierra Leone, Rebel United Front, Liberia, Nigeria, Somalia, Ibrahim Babangida, Sani Abacha, Mohamed Farrah Adid, Operation Gothic Serpent, Black Hawk Down, Hutu, Tutsi, Rwanda, Rwandan Genocide, Juvenal Habyarimana, Arusha Accords, Burundi, Madame Agate Uwilingiyimana, Paul Kagame, kigale, Romeo Dallaire, Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, South Africa, Mandela, Eugène Terre’Blanche, FW De Klerk, Panama, Invasion of Panama, Manuel Noriega, Jean Bertrand Aristide, Cuba, Operation Restore Democracy, Operation Just Cause, Cuba, Storm of The Century, Special Period, Mexico, North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, Zapatista Army, EZLN, Violeta Chamorro, Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega, Colombia, Luis Garavito, Pablo Escobar, drug trafficking, medellin, calli cartel, Peru, Abimael Guzman, Shining Path, Alberto Fujimori, Vladimiro Monstesinos, Plan Verde, Archives of Terror, India, Narasimha Rao, Bollywood, Bombay Riots, Latar Earthquake, Rajiv Ghandi assasination, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, North Korea, China, Deng Xiaoping, Deng's Southern Tour, How Did China become capitalist again, Yinhe incident) Love the content? Support for $1/month on https://patreon.com/intelexualmedia Sources, essays, exclusive videos, a podcast, reading lists, and much more are available ON PATREON.

Comments

Shakira

The sheer volume of sources demonstrates this series is going to be chock-full of information! Looking forward to taking a critical view as an adult of what was happening when I was a child

Ms. Macon

I'M SO DAMN EXCITED!!!

ssb

Wanted to be a patron for a while, but I’ve got the money now and right on time! You’re an incredible researcher and we’re blessed you’ve put so much into these resources. Thank you, thank you!

Jawn Louis

So much respect for how much research you put in each video yet it never feels like you talking down too the audience

Adina

This is a goldmine of information! I genuinely appreciate all the work you put into your videos.

Evan Webber

We Lit!!!!!! So much time and research are put into these, thank you Lex, the works cited is poppin poppin!!!! ✨️

Corynn

Excellent work, as always!!! I was born in '90 and it's kind of wild to see what was swirling around at the start of the decade when I was born. Is it possible to do on-screen citations of quotes in the next one?