Nowhere and Back Again: The Black Gate (Patreon)

Names: Morannon (Sindarin: “black gate”).

Location in Peter Jackson films: Tukino Skifield, Mount Ruapehu.

Description: An urban trough of Mordor. The place where traffic comes in and out as Sauron’s troops enforce Mordor’s stringent border security. This is the region where the mountain ranges of the Ephel Dúath and Ered Luithi meet. Mordor’s great intersection.

After treading across the Plateau of Gorgoroth and exploring its salient landmarks, we’ve reached a stage of our odyssey where we encounter a mix of landmarks and intersections. The northwest of Mordor incorporates a commerce region, or at least places where Tolkien’s idea of commerce takes place. Less defined by a single landmark than a mass of historical events, our approach to Mount Doom and Barad-dûr, which was functionally to write tour brochures on raggedy parchments that orcs might hand to visitors from Rohan or Erebor before their scheduled Hour of Torture with Sauron the Great (they’d probably be confused by the bits about authorship and this fellow named Tolkien though). In this part of Mordor, we’re faced with a mass of places where seminal events happened long ago. The Black Gate is the crucial landmark of far northwestern Mordor, but to unlock it, we have to uncover the history of the lands around it first.

In its northwestern quarter, Mordor shares a border with Northern Ithilien, a fiefdom of its rival Gondor. As bordering neighbors at war, Gondor and Mordor wrestle for control over places on their borders — in The Two Towers, when Sam and Frodo arrive in the northwest, they meet Gondor’s Captain Faramir as he leads a campaign to expel the Haradrim, Mordor’s allies, from Ithilien. In The Return of the King, Gondor tries and fails to hold the abandoned city-slash-military outpost Osgiliath, losing it to Mordor’s orcs. The region is one of the most tumultuous in Middle-earth, as the two most powerful forces on the continent vie to colonize it. Imagine the United States and Canada waging a war over Alaska, and you’ll get the picture.

Beyond the Isenmouthe (or Carach Angren) pass, our perambulation to the Black Gate starts in Udûn, a valley whose name literally means hell. It serves as an elbow to the arm of mountain ranges that encircles Mordor, Ered Lithui and Ephel Dúath. Tolkien wrote virtually nothing about Udûn, probably figuring that naming a place “Hell” was enough to mark it as notable. The only other information we have about Udûn is that it’s guarded by Durthang, a once Gondorian fortress appropriated by Mordor after Gondor abandoned its watch of the Black Land. It has little plot relevance to The Lord of the Rings unless you care that the orcs Frodo and Sam fall in with before the destruction of the One Ring marched from Durthang (if you do, I may have to punch your lights out and ask that you get a real hobby), but it differs from Barad-dûr in a key respect. Barad-dûr was built by Sauron in its various incarnations. It was always Sauron’s construction, made of his own volition without outside cultural influence. Durthang is a different case: it’s Gondor’s construction co-opted by Mordor. It speaks to a certain treatment of Gondor as a victim of Mondor’s malign influence: even the name dûr-thang is Sindarin for “dark oppression.” Earlier in this blog when we talked about how evil in Tolkien is defined by obviation, we framed it in terms of Middle-earth’s villains obviating their own souls. With Durthang, Tolkien’s fixating on obviation turns into a culture war that centers on the Big Bads from the East co-opting and eroding the culture and landmarks of the West.

And look, this isn’t just some political correctness-mongering from a power-hungry non-binary transgender socialist, although it is also that. The center of The Lord of the Rings is a malign Eastern power conniving to colonize and destroy the West through subtle influences. That Tolkien, a white man born in a British colony in the 1890s, would have held some unsavory orientalist and white supremacist views should be uncontroversial. Tolkien was hardly subtle about the racist ideologies he subscribed to in his private life either. In a now-infamous letter to writer Forrest J. Ackerman which decried a film treatment for The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien remarked on his displeasure with the portrayal of orcs:

Why does [screenwriter Morton Grady Zimmerman] put beaks and feathers on Orcs!? (Orcs is not a form of Auks.) The Orcs are definitely stated to be corruptions of the ‘human’ form seen in Elves and Men. They are (or were) squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types.

The furthest you can stretch a plausible defense of this description is that Tolkien applies his description to “versions” of Mongolian people. This is of course utter crap, as the preceding description is a comprehensive list of anti-Asian tropes seen in early 20th century literature and the Allies’ propaganda during WWII. Even if you want to distinguish between how Tolkien viewed his own work and how his books read today, you still have to contend with the smattering of instances in The Two Towers where the Uruk-hai refer to Rohirrim as “whiteskins,” the anti-miscegenation subplot surrounding factions of orcs (we’ll get to that when we tackle Fangorn and Isengard), and the orcs’ entire narrative role as disposable ex-Elves the heroes can slaughter without undue exercises of their conscience, this treatment of Mordor and the orcs as corruptions of the West smacks of imperialist ideology.

A theological component of this arises as well. Tolkien’s belief in evil-beginning-in-good pervades his legendarium. He fears a world made entirely of surfaces, where an object’s accident is the whole of itself and its substance perishes. While nobody likes a narc and there’s nothing wrong with graffiti, Tolkien’s interests lie in straightforwardness and integrity (an ironic quality considering the often abstruse nature of his life’s work). In a personal memo written in response to W. H. Auden’s New York Times review of The Return of the King, Tolkien made some notes on his definition of evil:

“In my story I do not deal in Absolute Evil. I do not think there is such a thing, since that is Zero. I do not think that at any rate any ‘rational being’ is wholly evil. Satan fell. In my myth Morgoth fell before Creation of the physical world. In my story Sauron represents as near an approach to the wholly evil will as is possible. He had gone the way of all tyrants: beginning well, at least on the level that while desiring to order all things according to his own wisdom he still at first considered the (economic) well-being of other inhabitants of the Earth. But he went further than human tyrants in pride and the lust for domination, being in origin an immortal (angelic) spirit. In The Lord of the Rings the conflict is not basically about ‘freedom’, though that is naturally involved. It is about God, and His sole right to divine honour.”

So Tolkien’s fear of tradeable aesthetics and cultures reveals his reactionary paranoia. Cultural appropriation isn’t something the white, pseudo-European characters do; they nurture their own traditions and cultures, taking care not to mix traditions (in this light, it’s not difficult to guess why Tolkien disliked C. S. Lewis’ Chronicles of Narnia, an ultimate in literary bricolages). Tolkien’s politics take an isolationist bent here; exploring other cultures is iniquitous and corrupts persons (he disdained both the United States and United Kingdom’s foreign policies of colonialism and total war). It’s no coincidence that Frodo’s quest centers on a shifty ring from the East. In short, Mordor is an imperialist nation, an empire made of orientalist tropes and Western fears.

Mordor also possesses the most fearsome border security in Middle-earth. To the northwest of Udûn, the pass of Cirith Gorgor, the intersection between Ered Lithui and Ephel Dúath, houses the intersection which oversees licit traffic into Mordor. Intriguingly for a conservative work, The Lord of the Rings positions Mordor as the lone majorly explored country with clearly delineated border security. Part of the security is geographic — as Mordor is encircled by forbidding mountain ranges, making one’s way in or out of it means passing through the Morannon, or “Black Gate,” the iron passageway to Mordor. Fledged by the Towers of the Teeth, the Black Gate is about as welcome as any border passage, which is to say it possesses equal hospitality to a front door that’s completely on fire. Take this description of Frodo, Sam, and Gollum’s encounter with the Black Gate:

Upon the west of Mordor marched the gloomy range of Ephel Dúath, the Mountain of Shadow, and upon the north the broken peaks and barren ridges of Ered Lithui, grey as ash. But as these ranges approached one another, being indeed but parts of one great wall about the mournful plans of Lithlad and of Gorgoroth, and the bitter inland sea of Núrnen amidmost, they swung out long arms northward; and between these arms was a deep defile. This was Cirith Gorgor, the Haunted Pass, the entrance to the land of the Enemy.

As the chapter title “The Black Gate Is Closed” clearly states, Sauron’s iron gate is a labyrinth standing in the way of free travel, opening only for military allies of Mordor and the occasional ambassador from Gondor. Its nature as a gate is parodic, fulfilling a border passage’s job of providing Mordor with a sieve. A gate is nought but a more forbidding door, as Frodo and Sam learn when they see the Black Gate. The hobbits are forced to find illicit modes of travel, rapidly descending the social ladder while the rest of the Fellowship has a more teleological journey into the upper echelons of Middle-earth’s civil society. Aragorn is received with diplomacy and fanfare, while Frodo’s task puts him into orc custody.

At the Black Gate, Tolkien also provides a glimpse of how Mordor does diplomacy. When the Army of the West comes to the Gate in The Return of the King, they’re greeted by Sauron’s ambassador, a man literally called the Mouth of Sauron. While The Silmarillion and earlier parts of The Lord of the Rings often stress the seductive beauty of Sauron, by the end of the Fellowship’s journey Sauron’s hand has been forced to coercive seeding of despair. Sauron himself, conspicuously absent from the action of the books, is represented by

...A tall and evil shape, mounted upon a black horse, if horse it was; [...] The rider was robed in black, and black was his lofty helm; yet this was no Ringwraith but a living man. The Lieutenant of the Tower of Barad-dûr he was, and his name is remembered in no tale; for he himself had forgotten it, and he said; ‘I am the Mouth of Sauron.’ But it is told that he was a renegade, who came of the race of those that are named the Black Númenóreans; for they established their dwellings in Middle-earth during the years of Sauron’s domination, and they worshipped him, being enamoured of evil knowledge.

In this sequence, we learn the extent to which Mordor’s reliance on parodies of Men has fallen in might. Even the Nazgûl retain some vestiges of their past royalty, such as eldritch steeds and high office. Sauron’s ambassador is unnamed; “the Mouth” is a designation and a purpose rather than an identity. Sauron shows the Men of Gondor and Rohan a mirror of their appropriated selves. He provides a Satanic lure to despair, claiming Frodo’s death by showing off some of his possessions, relics of the once-great West:

‘Dwarf-coat, elf-cloak, blade of the downfallen West, and spy from the little rat-land of the Shire—nay, do not start! We know it well—here are the marks of a conspiracy. Now, maybe he that bore these things was a creature that you would not grieve to lose, and maybe otherwise: one dear to you, perhaps? If so, take swift counsel and what little wit is left to you. For Sauron does not lovespies, and what his fate shall be depends now on your choice.’

At this point in the movie (a delightfully silly moment in the Extended Edition which is cut from the theatrical version), Viggo Mortensen’s Aragorn whips out his sword and lops off the ambassador’s head with a characteristic Mortensen “yyyyaaaargh!” The book is subtler about the matter, with Gandalf expressing skepticism towards the Mouth’s claims. A mere vestigial relic of Númenor, the Mouth of Sauron speaks in even more archaic language than the cast of Men in this book — and The Return of the King gives its predecessors a run for its money in terms of archaic dialogue. At this moment the Fellowship rejects the dark mirror of their aesthetics, noting that garb without honor is a mere parody of their values.

While Tolkien projects a fixation with national identity and cultural purity onto the East, he stumbles on some fairly radical insights about the insularity of nation-states and the ugliness of borders. Borders were where countries enact violence on the populace of the world. Donald Trump may have left office a few months, but Joe Biden’s continuation of his predecessor’s border policy and internment camps for migrants can hardly be called reform. In his strident rejections of modernity, Tolkien hits on some legitimate humanist critiques of how nation-states are run and how national aesthetics are used to deceive and hurt people. As we pass through the Black Gate from the same side as the orcs and the Mouth of Sauron, we learn some key insights about the ugliness of Middle-earth and the real world that inspired it. On the other side, we may learn more about what happens outside the mendacious institutions of borders and gates.