Books and articles on the ancient city of Gao in west Africa. (Patreon)

Archaeological Investigations of Early Trade and Urbanism at Gao Saney by M. Cisse

Islam, Archaeology and History: Gao Region (Mali) ca. AD 900 - 1250 by Timothy Insoll

Essouk - Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town

Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali), the 1996 Fieldseason Results by Timothy Insoll, Dorian Q. Fuller

Excavations at Gao Saney: New Evidence for Settlement Growth, Trade, and Interaction on the Niger Bend in the First Millennium CE by Mamadou Cissé, Susan Keech McIntosh

Bentyia (Kukyia): a Songhay–Mande meeting point, and a “missing link” in the archaeology of the West African diasporas of traders, warriors, praise-singers, and clerics by Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias

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