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This Shape Just Solved a 50 Year Old Mystery

Sign up to Brilliant to receive a 30-day free trial + a 20% discount with this link! https://brilliant.org/upandatom/ Recommended course: https://brilliant.org/courses/beautiful-geometric-explorations/ Hi! I'm Jade. If you'd like to consider supporting Up and Atom, head over to my Patreon page :) https://www.patreon.com/upandatom Visit the Up and Atom store https://store.nebula.app/collections/up-and-atom Subscribe to Up and Atom for physics, math and computer science videos https://www.youtube.com/c/upandatom For a one time donation, head over to my PayPal :) https://www.paypal.me/upandatomshows Veritasium's video on Penrose tiles https://youtu.be/48sCx-wBs34?si=xwyxvhQxhOKLutIy *A big thank you to my AMAZING PATRONS!* Jonathan Koppelman, Michael Seydel, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Thorsten Auth, Chris Flynn, Tim Barnard, Izzy Ca, Tate Lyles, Millennial Glacier, Richard O McEwen Jr, Scott Ready, John H. Austin, Jr., Brian Wilkins, Thomas V Lohmeier, David Johnston, Thomas Krause, Lynn Shackelford, Ave Eva Thornton, Andrew Pann, Anne Tan, Marc-Antoine, Chris Davis, Thomas Urech, chuck zegar, David Tuman, Richard Rensman, Ben Mitchell, Steve Archer, Luna, Tyler Simms, Michael Geer, James Mahoney, Jim Felich, Fabio Manzini, Jeremy, Sam Richardson, Robin High, KiYun Roe, DONALD McLeod, Ron Hochsprung, Aria Bend, James Matheson, Kevin Anderson, Alexander230, Tim Ludwig, Alexander Del Toro Barba, Justin Smith, A. Duncan, Mark Littlehale, Tony T Flores, Dagmawi Elehu, Jeffrey Smith, Alex Hackman, bpatb, Joel Becane, Paul Barclay, 12tone, Sergey Ten, John Lakeman, Jana Christine Saout, Jeff Schwarz, Yana Chernobilsky, Louis Mashado, Michael Dean, Chris Amaris, Matt G, Dag-Erling Smørgrav, John Shioli, Todd Loreman, Yaw Mintah, Carlos Escolar, Vijay Prasad, Anthony Docimo, robert lalonde, Julian Nagel, Cassandra Durnord, Antony Birch, Paul Bunbury, David Shlapak, Kent Arimura, Phillip Rhodes, Michael Nugent, James N Smith, Roland Gibson, Joe McTee, Oleg Dats, John Spalding, Simon J. Dodd, Tang Chun, Michelle, William Toffey, Michel Speiser, Rigid Designator, James Horsley, Brian Williams, Craig Tumblison, Cameron Tacklind, 之元 丁, Kevin Chi, Lance Ahmu, Markus Lindström, Steve Watson, Dexter Scott, Potch, Indrajeet Sagar, Markus Herrmann (trekkie22), Gil Chesterton, Alipasha Sadri, Pablo de Caffe, Taylor Hornby, Mark Fisher, Emily, Colin Byrne, Nick H, Jesper de Jong, Loren Hart, Sofia Fredriksson, Phat Hoang, Spuddy, Sascha Bohemia, tesseract, Stephen Britt, KG, Hansjuerg Widmer, John Sigwald, O C, Carlos Gonzalez, Thomas Kägi, James Palermo, Chris Teubert, Fran, Wolfgang Ripken, Jeremy Bowkett, Vincent Karpinski, Nicolas Frias, Louis M, kadhonn, Moose Thompson, Rick DeWitt, Pedro Paulo Vezza Campos, S, Garrett Chomka, Rebecca Lashua, Pat Gunn, George Fletcher, RobF, Vincent Seguin, Shawn, Israel Shirk, Jesse Clark, Steven Wheeler, Philip Freeman, Jareth Arnold, Simon Barker, Lou, amcnea and Simon Dargaville. *Sources and further reading* https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10798 https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17743 https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~csk/hat/ https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~csk/spectre/ Chapters 0:00 - 0:49 Introducing a NEW SHAPE 0:49 - 2:20 Never repeating pattern 2:20 - 3:16 The 50 year old mystery 3:16 - 5:03 An amazing discovery 5:03 - 10:10 How do we know it never repeats? 10:10 - 11:40 Infinitely many ein stein tiles! 11:40 - 12:39 "Haters gonna hate" 12:39 - 15:01 An indisputable ein stein tile 15:01 - 16:04 Applications 16:04 - 17:59 Learn more about tilings Creator - Jade Tan-Holmes Animations by Tom Groenestyn Music - epidemicsound.com

Comments

Dagmawi Elehu

Thanks for a wonderful video! When will we see a 3d shape with the same properties? I'm guessing that could be even more impactful for material sciences!

Scott Ready

One tile to cover them all. One tile to cover a flat infinite surface with no repeats in its wallpaper. One atom to fill out and complete an interesting world. "What about the voids?" calls out Democritus. "Lay out your tiled skin on a body and it will crack open with fissures and chasms." "The Riemann tensor, the Riemann tensor" cries out Einstein. "Move one particle and the stress-energy tensor shifts in a telltale manner revealing any gaps, holes or movement." Einstein pulls out a violin, gets comfortable and spins a yarn. "I once knew a kangaroo that went to Singapore and Katmandu. Excitedly, he spoke of a garden in Singapore's Jewel Changi Airport covered by an asymmetrical torroidal roof. Instead of searching for a minimum number of tile shapes to cover the roof, the architects pushed computer-aided milling and machining to the limit and managed to cover the roof with no two tiles being the same! In our age of interchangeable parts and assembly design, it seems astonishing that a large industrial project should proceed with 5,000 nodes, 14,000 steel elements and 10,000 transparent panels each unique. Interchangeable parts sounds like an atomic theory for standardized threads and machining so that copies, repairs and adaptations can efficiently be made. A diameter of the immense Jewel has a railway and boarding platforms at its antipodes. On the roof, a torroidal hole with a circular curtain of rain falls away from the railroad crossing the center. This asymmetry causes the entire envelope to be aperiodic. Each node hints of the global design (like a hologram) in a quantum error-correction EPR way. The free-form roof for Singapore's Jewel Changi Airport has every node, rod and panel uniquely designed for its specific location. The customization of every "part" arises from the torroid's oculus and circular rain shower being off-center and not pouring down on the rail system crossing the center of the amazing creation. Local irregularities express the global asymmetry. In the roof's list of vertices, lines and surfaces, the quantity count for each part comes to exactly one. Duplicates or clones of a "part" fit only in the one location. A clone cannot be in two places at once. No part can be cloned. Each part hangs art and part with a unique location and context. Each part gets identified with its own Dirac delta function and a Fourier inverse that covers the entire roof like a hidden cosmological constant. Each node carries a unique set of quantum numbers. The nodes behave as Fermions and maximizes their distance from each other. If a single node were to move, or be taken out, all of the structure would respond in an entangled manner. With one less node, the stress-energy tensor will be slightly varied at each remaining node to compensate for a void, gap or tear. In subatomic realms smaller than the atoms of hydrogen, nodes can appear and disappear like virtual particles. They can also merge like black holes to form a cosmic web of information hidden to all but a few who daringly or unwittingly cross a cosmological horizon and fade from view." Einstein fades from view as Turing, Godel and George come a Cantoring round a corner.