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Hey there, friends. So first off, health update: I am now a week out from surgery and doing pretty well! In less pain and a little more mobile than expected, and of cOuRSe I'm gathering material for a Field Trip episode ride-along with all the details and advice. Thank you for all the good vibes this past week -- it really means so much to me. 

Also, I wanted to gauge interest and gather questions for a Genocidology episode in the comments below. It's in fact a very real discipline and I've been in contact with the world's pre-eminent and most respected scholar on this topic. I want to approach this with a very blank slate: What it is? Why does it happen? Does a label matter ideologically or in international law? Are conflicts mislabeled? What is "war?" Why does it matter? How have opinions changed over time? What does colonization have to do with it? 

I'd love to hear your questions, but also your concerns about my covering this. I want to give others -- and myself -- scholarly context and information to help us better grasp current geopolitics as well as historical ones.

Let me know what you think and I beg you to please refrain from conflict with each other in the comments. There is already a lethal amount of division in the world, and I always want to foster a place for compassion, curiosity, and humanity. This is not the place for facelessly debating an issue that has gone back thousands of years. Information, understanding, and mutual respect is the vibe here. I'm just gathering information on what you want to learn. 

So feel free to share what you're looking for in an Ologies examination on the general topic of genocide that you feel is lacking from other informational sources. 

Alright, thanks for being here. The show wouldn't exist without you, and is much richer because of your questions. 

Back to my Tylenol nest,

Ward

Comments

Tall Floating Dog

Woof. This is a tough one. What makes it so easy for people to say "this is different" when greenlighting a genocide in today's age while condemning parallel genocides in the past? Is it sunk cost fallacy? Stubbornness? Financial gain?

Kayla

Neutrality is to side with the oppressor. I think it’s a great idea.

Andy McAdams

There are few people on this earth that I would trust to handle this topic with the respect, care, and honesty that it warrants, but you are most definitely one of them.

Eating Spaghetti in Bed

I don’t have a question at the ready, but I’m deeply grateful for your interest in covering this subject matter. I very much look forward to listening. 🙏🏼 🪲

EmmaB

I would love if the ologist explored the differences between what we traditionally think of as genocide and ‘cultural genocide.’ What is similar? Different? How do the impacts differ? How do we as a society view them differently?

Anne

How do you find joy in a field that is so bleak? How do you keep your head above water on the day to day? Any strategies to share?

CoffeeLeaf90

How has the access to people, places, and different media globally through various mediums changed how wars are fought, perceived, and won?

Zoe Litton

What is the most overlooked genocide?

RJ Doidge

Wow, so topical. For work, I’m an account manager for a company that works directly with one of the countries involved in the Israeli/Gazan conflict. What can we do to help? I donate to world central kitchen regularly but aside from that, what is needed?

Pistachih

How to stop it. Or better, prevent it.

Elektra

Yes, I think it is a good topic to tackle. There are a lot of good questions regarding history, how we define these acts, and how we should approach them in the grander sense now and in the future. Finding and sharing good resources to point people to that they can support that provide important aid in places that need it would be very good as well.

Lee Wang

Hoo boy, real heavy topic, though one that I've been thinking about recently. Specifically, I wonder how old the notion of a "war crime" is, and if my under-informed opinion that any military conflict will inevitably involve war crimes (which I'll define loosely as something horrific happening to non-combatants) holds any weight?

Cassi Labahn

Why does history continue to repeat itself? We have so much knowledge now about historical atrocities and yet humans keep doing them.

Austin Thompson

I’ve done a lot of healthcare work and research in refugee health and have seen how race (in the sense that it is often manufactured) and ethnicity (cultural and more “real”) can play into health outcomes, opportunities, beliefs, and a populations interaction with international organizations. Can you speak at all to the dynamics of race, ethnicity, and legitimacy in the international space around this topic?

Marianne Thomas

Glad to hear you're recovering ok. Personally not sure if I can face hearing more about genocide. I'm trying to focus on what I can do to help, and avoid doomscolling. Of course I'm sure whatever you do will be thoughtful & valuable. My only question/suggestion would be to give positive advice & maybe talk about the different ways genocides have ended in the past. And what- if anything - ordinary people were able to do that has helped with survival/reconstruction

Anna Thompson

I'm glad you're feeling better! My first gut thought is that the current situation in Israel/Gaza is a huge hot button and wading in opens you up to a whole demographic that aren't usual listeners. I love our Ologies community you've fostered and would hate for it to be bombarded with feelings from either side making more work for your behind the scenes team Is there a way to frame it as covering the topic historically and abstractly without devling into the current situation? I'll admit I try to stay up to date but it's one of those "tabs" I can't have open too long in my brain without sending me into a spiral

Keri Overall

Why do certain scholars insist on describing the treatment of Native Americans as "ethnic cleansing" instead of genocide?

Matt Ceccato

A corollary question: how can we recognize the earliest stages so it can be prevented?

Sophia A

I would absolutely love to hear this episode. In particular, I’d love to hear about reconciliation and recovery following a genocide. What steps are necessary to rebuild the harmed community? What steps does the perpetrating community need to take to reach a stage of reconciliation? What exemplars of successful reconciliation in history can we turn to for guidance?

Cori

i would love this episode. i would like to hear what your expert has to say. i’ve been hoping you would do this one since october, thank you 🙏

Faith Novella

Is “genocide” usually a label that’s given once it’s over?

Hope J 🏳️‍🌈

I heard that it is very hard for the ICC to legally prosecute genocide because of the vagueness of the definition or because it’s hard to determine “intent.” Therefore: (a) what is the legal definition of genocide, (b) what about the definition makes it hard to convict countries, states, or people of committing genocide, and, (c) when an entity is convicted of carrying out a genocide, how long does it take for that process to happen from when they are accused of committing genocide to when they are convicted? Also, when can something have the word genocide attached to it as in an event such as the “Armenian genocide” or “Rohingya genocide?” Can you only do it when it is legally considered genocide or does that not matter? Is there anyone in the legal world who believes the definition should be updated?

Char Harrison

This is going to be a tough episode to listen to (in a good way, challenging views and self-held bias is a good thing). I have faith that Dad Ward will be able to approach the subject well. My question for the Ologist is: “How do we combat people’s defensiveness (eg: “I didn’t cause the genocide or wasn’t directly involved, therefore it’s not my problem.”) on acknowledging past and present causes of genocide/colonisation? As a Pākeha (White) Kiwi, who wants to see greater reparations and equity afforded to Māori, I often experience people claiming that their privilege from colonisation/genocide isn’t their fault because it’s historical, but it’s still apparent and perpetuated by systemic structures today.” Sorry it’s a long one…

zanabanana

My grand parents survived the Armenian genocide in Turkey in 1915. My daughter-in-law’s mom survived Khmer Rouge genocide in Cambodia 1973. We visited the genocide museum in Phnom Penh in 2023. It was emotionally very difficult to view those exhibits . My take away -- I do not understand how humans are capable committing such atrocities upon one another. Does your ologist have any insight into how a human can devolve so completely as to be able to commit these acts?

Heather Weeks

This is a difficult topic but definitely one worth covering. I’ve been diving into history recently and am saddened by how often genocide reappears, although not always under that name. What is the earliest known evidence of genocide, and what differentiates it from just traditional fighting?

Kate Timms

What is the role of existing biases (e.g. religion or race), and economic and political factors, in the framing of wars and war crimes? For example, condemning majority Muslim countries isn’t widely seen as Islamophobic, but condemning Isreal is seen as antisemitic. Does this really have more to do with other factors and the religion aspect is just a convenient way of shuttling down discussions.

Dr. Wiggles

Truly a brave topic to go into nowadays, and second the opinion stated earlier that there is no other podcaster I would trust and respect to properly cover this issue. We are all here for you, should the haters arrive. Just want to preemptively put that out there. Questions: -What is the accepted definition of a war crime? -How are war crimes prosecuted, does it help? -I have heard that there are weapons that police use, such as tear gas, that would be considered a war crime if used by the military. Fact or flimflam? -And this one terrifies me to ask but: do scholars think humans have gotten more or less genocidal through out history?

Nina Giacobbe

Oh gosh this is going to be a heavy but very very important episode. Thank you for doing this. I've read about studies on the affect of trauma on the human brain, specifically in relation in the experience of civilizations living in active war zones. Can you elaborate more on this?

Peregrine

Glad you’re doing alright, Alie 🩷 I’m interested in the history of genocide - how far back does it go (pre-civilization?) and has it always followed a similar pattern? More broadly: what about humans makes us go to such great lengths to destroy each other? Is it just a side effect of our complex brains and social structure? Do we have hope as a species to stop such extreme violence or is it inevitable? I’ve always had a hard time comprehending the devastation in the world but I do appreciate being able to look at the bigger picture to try to understand. Thanks Alie, take care

Kate Timms

What role does the ‘guilt’ from WW2 play in the role of countries like the USA and UK in informing the language and political stagnation and over caution in condemning in Isreal the same actions that would readily be condemned if perpetrated by another country. And how does race interact with this?

Patrick W

Is the term overused or underused? Are we diluting the seriousness of the term by calling everything a genocide, or is it that there are actually a LOT of them happening out there and we only really started paying attention now that we have the internet?

Pascal Perron

I cannot support this idea enough. I know you have the chops to handle this subject with care and respect the way you do for all subjects you cover.

Char Harrison

How much does race play into how genocide is defined and acted on to stop/prevent? Is it more likely to occur when the population experiencing genocide presents as white? Does racism (whether politically motivated or otherwise) impact framing of these issues?

Nick worth

It’s a big tonal departure from your usual material. It is a worthy thing to study and I’m glad people are in that field so we can learn from the horrors of the past but I just can’t see how it fits in with the common string of joy in all the other episodes I’ve heard… I like the podcast because it is always fascinating, enlightening and JOYFUL! I realize I’m probably in the minority but it’s a similar issue I have with true crime being so popular… it can be fascinating, but it is so bleak and god know the world doesn’t need more bleakness… I ‘ve been to the Killing Fields and various Holocaust museums, so I’m not advocating for putting our heads in sand but I’m not sure this is a great medium to tackle such a dense and horrific subject… just my two cents worth, I totally trust you’d deal with the subject as well as it can be, but I’ll be skipping….

Yuri

I want to know more about what has STOPPED genocide, and what has healed communities that had genocide. And what fosters and leads to an extension of genocide. I heard that the radio soap opera in Rwanda was pivotal for healing communities afterwards. What lessons can we learn from that to prevent, or stop genocide? What actual actions can be taken by the average person, and in just a few minutes a day, to make a difference? Most people won't do more than a few minutes, in part because of compassion fatigue and overwhelm. Rather than criticizing that, how can we tap into that and meet people where they're at so they can take action that works for them? What's the one thing that the ologist would want your listeners to do right now for just 5 minutes to make a difference?

Catherine French

Does it ever help to say a country is actually engaging in genocide and/or war crimes? Do they (the country) change their behavior or pay for “damages”? And, who decides that a country is committing these horrific crimes? Thank you, you are the best Get well as best you can😍

john galvin

That question is going to be very hard to answer because of how intertwined a religion and an action can be in one case but not another. The question doesn't even get to the matter of what does the religion say to do vs what a leader says it tells people to do.

Pavka34

In the end does it come down to “They got stuff, we want to take their stuff, let’s come up with a reason to kill them and take their stuff”?

Shannon Patterson

I believe you can do this episode respectfully but don't feel obligated to. It's a lot of emotional labour and it's okay to say it's not the right time to take on this topic for you.

mish the fish

i would appreciate if the genocidologist(s) could go over a general history of genocides, exploring events that would be genocides at different points in history

Sam Gilbert

No questions on my brain at the moment, but I’m here to say I support an episode on this topic and couldn’t think of a better person to cover it. Glad you’re on the mend!

Scott Hanley

“There is already a lethal amount of division in the world, and I always want to foster a place for compassion, curiosity, and humanity. This is not the place for facelessly debating an issue that has gone back thousands of years. Information, understanding, and mutual respect is the vibe here. I'm just gathering information on what you want to learn. “ in case anyone didn’t read before coming here.

Pavka34

It’s my understanding that there is evidence of pre-historic genocide. Is that correct?

Pavka34

Is it true that legally you don’t actually have to wipe out a people for it to be a genocide?

Keegan Newman

I feel horrible for being emotionally checked out of things like this at times, because I feel so much compassion for other people/animals. My question: How much does money truly have to do with these things? It doesn’t seem as if countries are held accountable for damages done to the places they destroy, and it costs the country doing the destroying more money to continue to destroy. It seems counterintuitive.

Guido

I would add a "special episode" tag in the title

Pavka34

Are you talking to Joe Kassabian? I’m not sure if he’s a world leader but he’s the only genocidologist I’ve heard of. Looking forward to this topic but expecting to be sad.

john galvin

I spent some time studying genocide and I'm not envious of how hard it could be to try and do an episode or two on it.

Iris Hutchings

What exactly is the difference between a genocide and a war taking over an entire country/people? Is there one? How do you differentiate between a war between different sects or cultures where one is clearly stronger or winning and a genocide? And I'll repeat the "how do they get stopped? What can ye old normal person do?" Question.

Kathryn Knopinski

What are the warning signs that proceed genocides? Are there things that have a protective effect and make genocide less likely? Hope you feel better soon!

Kate Timms

However with Isreal it is religiously motivated. The want for Israelis to occupy (and only them occupy) Palestine is religiously motivated by the concept of the promised land and their belief that the lands of Isreal and Palestine together are the promised land. This whole conflict has always been religiously motivated, but somehow it isn’t framed that way. Yet aggression from Muslim countries is almost always seen as being religiously motivated. Race likely played a role but so will other factors.

Rachel Gentile

How effective are everyday social/economic actions (boycotting starbucks, voting no preference, walking out of school/job) at pushing for political action? Also what were some of these actions that were effective for past genocides

Natalie the Coup

This is such a painful topic, but an important one. I know you are capable of teaching us uncomfortable truths with grace, but don’t feel like you have to.

Richard

How "Human" is genocide? Seems like other animals can have conflicts but it takes being human to eradicate the "other". Have we always had a genocidal streak?

Jenika

Are there any neuroscience-based studies about this?? Like “how are the brains of people that think like this fundamentally different?” I’d be fascinated to know about the effects on people exposed to the rhetoric and willing to put aside what they *know* is right/wrong, particularly juxtaposed with those that experienced the opposite, those going through the lies as subjects of those lies.

Hope J 🏳️‍🌈

In that thread of thought: What is the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing, or is there and it’s just terminology?

Zoe Litton

Also how have humans evolved to do such terrible things? What happened in our evolution that we could kill others because they look,worship, etc?

Rachel Gentile

Also what characteristics are there in common between marginalized groups who have experienced genocide and how can we interpret those patterns to protect future marginalized groups?

Andrew Trevers

What drives humans to this behavior? Are other species so inclined. What’s the difference between war and genocide

Rhymes With Mason

How can I help? I have no skills useful to people suffering. What can I do that can actually make a difference?

David Dedrickson

Thoughts on the Native American history. Would you consider it genocide/war crime category. Research shows population before Colonization to be in the millions, today it’s perhaps 300,000 or less. Always struggled with this. I feel so sad when I try to understand it. Can you give me some guidance? Thank you

Michael Swords

This sounds like a tough episode, but I'm confident Alie can cover in a competent way. I wonder about different types of genocide. Seems to me, you wouldn't need to murder other humans, but you could quash culture, institutions, and other pieces that create a society. Do we see that in history as much or more than the murder-y genocide? Or does it all go together?

Alie Ward

I understand where you're coming from, Nick, totally. This isn't a topic I "want" to cover, but it feels important personally as I harbor a lot of plain ol' "haven't learned it yet" ignorance when it comes to the history of war. We've done episodes on the Apocalypse (Eschatology), breast cancer (Surgical Oncology), the US Constitution (Nomolgy) and have one recorded on the topic of "evil." So we do try to delve into the deeper, darker ends sometimes, and my ultimate aim is to give people confidence to understand the world and people around them and to relate to others in ways that align with their values, which I think at the end of the day -- and at the end of our lives -- is a joy and a net plus. <3

Brianna L

This is such an important topic to cover. I am curious if the genocidologist would classify the Great Potato Famine as a genocide of Irish Catholics. That's a debated narrative and I'd love to hear what the ologist thinks about this event in fairly recent European history.

Kate Timms

Or conversely, the groups that commit the genocide. Can we recognise and better monitor and de-escalate them prior to genocide occurring.

Saira (‘Sarah’) Manns

I personally would be very interested in that episode! My only concern is the potential negative backlash Dad Ward might receive - I’ve already seen people dragging you on social media for not having commented on the current situation in Palestine. But I’m confident in your abilities to cover the topic with aplomb (and also we’re all here to back you up!) 🩷

Jameelah

Are there multiple definitions of genocide? And are those definitions upheld by different agencies/groups? If a genocide is being committed does the oppressor have to explicitly state they are committing genocide in order for others to determine that's what's happening?

Nick worth

I’ve thought about this some more, and I would add that while this podcast is educational, it is fundamentally an entertainment format and I feel very uncomfortable with human suffering being used as subject matter in entertainment content, as good as the intentions might be…. Hence my DEEP discomfort with the true crime boom…. Just clarifying my stance… no judgement on anyone, but I feel very strongly about this on a personal level.

Judy Lawler

I will anxiously await this episode. I am unable to understand why Jewish people have historically been hated. When/how did that viewpoint start and what fueled the hatred.

joesyourmom

If be interested to hear substantial updates on the US’s active addressing and reperations of indigenous genocide. What is being done? What is in the plan for the future. (Example is army corp of engineers not following agreement to build village and adequate housing for fishing communities displaced among the Columbia river gorge. Is there a plan?)

Jennifer Langford

. I hope you can include some reasons for hope…maybe that with world news we know more instances of it but there is more pressure to stop?

Britt Carp

I would be interested to hear how war and genocide came to be from an evolutionary standpoint (i.e. our “lizard brains”), and why we seem to be moving in the wrong direction.

Nick worth

Well, you make a compelling argument! I totally see your point and there is real educational potential. I’m really not saying you shouldn’t do it, it’s just not for me. But that’s the beauty of this format, I get to chose when to engage and you can do it totally in your own terms.. love what you do!

Brian Schardt

I have so many questions. *How can war crimes be curtailed? *How are they investigated? *What are the ramifications of countries that are convicted of war crimes? *Are countries convicted or specific individuals? *We’ve heard of war crimes early on in the Ukraine war with Russia, but nothing since. Why? *Why is any actions committed during the US’ western expansion against any native peoples not generally considered genocide? *Has the US been at fault for any war crimes or genocidal actions on the world stage and we’ve been convicted/held accountable for it?

Emmett M Wald

I'm interested in distinctions between legal, academic, and colloquial meanings of the term "genocide" and how different usages of genocide and related language contribute to confusion and division about how to label different situations.

Mr. Weevil

I’d be interested in hearing about why the anti-trans legislation in the united states is considered a stage of genocide and what those stages of a genocide look like.

Mara Schoner

Wow, you are brave and yes, this is a very important topic to cover so we can all speak more intelligently and specifically about current events. I'd be interested in hearing the history of the word: what were the circumstances that necessitated creating this term and how / when was it first used? What are other terms people and states use and how does that change international response? Thank you for doing this and I hope you feel better very soon.

Sleepy Frog Lauren

What can we do as average citizens to help? Is it donations? Protesting? It feels so hopeless when the people clearly want change and the government ignores us.

Ms. Nowak

Is there any truth to the saying "all wars have been started by men?" Are there any accounts of genocide or other tragedies committed under more matriarchal societies?

Felix

Your attention to the big issues of the modern world is one of the things that makes Ologies my favourite podcast. You and your guests share knowledge, and through it, power. Genocide is a phenomenon that so many people feel powerless to stand against, and I'm glad to see that you're looking at how you can use your platform to change that. If there's any concern I'd have for a Genocidology episode, it's that you might feel like you have to water down the content to avoid the consequences of people hearing hard and hidden truths. Please do what you need to for the safety of yourself and other around you, and go bravely forward.

April Carter

How does a genocide end? Are there circumstances that are more likely to end a genocide, and is there anything regular people can do to accelerate that process? Thank you for covering this, and I hope you make a quick recovery.

Elizabeth Fensin

What can anyone do to avoid hiding under the bed and getting demoralized about this issue?

Max G

How has media evolution in the last ten years influenced study and analysis of war crimes/genocide?

Maria

How are war crimes investigated? What happens to the countries/people convicted and does it have any effect as a deterrent? Why doesn't the ICJ have more power?

Jonathan Auyer

What are the ways that different technologies (re: social media, but also technologies more broadly) have aided genocide and war? (I'm thinking of places like Myanmar, Ukraine, and Israel.)

Reuben Clamzo

Glad you're feeling better! Asking as an indigenous North American (Mi'kmaq), I'm interested in what your expert's take on American Manifest Destiny is, and how it's been adopted by other countries and cited in their ongoing conflicts/ genocides?

Ashley Bower

Dadward this is an important subject that I think you could do well with. I’m really curious at what point a situation is considered a genocide? Are there specific requirements? What can we do about it once it is classified as such?

Becky McDowell

I’m curious about how to discuss these difficult issues with kids. I want to truthfully inform and hold space for discussions but not cause ulcers. What are the bright spots we can highlight?My kiddos are at the influential age of 12.

Lynn Fuhr

What defines a genocide and why is there so much reluctance by international governments to acknowledge when a genocide is occurring?

Kate Herrmann

Are there any notable examples of a people who, having been targets of genocide in the past and subsequently free of the perpetrators, did not turn around and commit genocide themselves against another group later on? This seems to be a tragically cyclical phenomenon.

Leah Anderson

Is there any discussion among scholars in this field about the possibility that the data many of us have provided to genetics companies (e.g. Ancestry, 23&Me) could be appropriated and used to identify individuals of specific ethnicities as part of genocidal tactics?

Olivier Calas

We live in a nation that was built upon genocide, racism and slavery. How can we possibly fix the unfixable?

Felix

Could you ask your Genocidologist to speak about the genocide that occurred in Australia?

Anastasia Press

I remember learning about the Stanford prison experiment in school, and it seemed to partially explain how some people can do such violent things to each other. With the study recently being uncovered as invalid, does that impact our understanding of genocide at all?

Ellis Scherer

What, if any, threshold exists to separate a war from a genocide? Is it written into international “law”? Or is it more of a symbolic threshold used by scholars and historians? The most recent round of violence between Israel and Palestine began with an attack by Hamas and a retaliation from the IDF which felt more like a war. But, as violence has continued, it certainly feels more like a genocide at this point.

Becky Wilkinson

Nick, I appreciate and respect your opinion on this so much. I'm honestly torn about it, but I also recognize that this could be a great episode for educational purposes, and to dig deep into what defines genocide and war crimes. The beauty of this format is we can each choose whether, or when, to listen. Thank you for sharing your opinion and giving others the opportunity to consider your perspective.

Becky Wilkinson

How do victims (whether individuals or communities) define their experiences? Are the terms "war crimes" and "genocide" assigned to victims/survivors by outsiders or are they terms accepted and used by those who experience them?

Oren Simchy

What are some of the most common signals that a society is coming dangerously close to descending into genocide? Also, how often do divisive forces like tribalism and dehumanizing rhetoric about minority groups coincide with or contribute to a breakdown in democratic institutions (all of which can make genocide more likely)? P.S. so glad you’re recovering well from the surgery, Alie! Take care of yourself!! 😊

Oren Simchy

I learned about this same exact experiment in my college psych 101 class, but didn’t know it has been found to be invalid until reading your comment! Wow, definitely raises a lot of questions.

Anastasia Press

Yeah, apparently the participants were coached on how to act!

kaitsometimes

I don’t have a question that hasn’t already been asked but I’m looking forward to listening to this episode in the future!

Elizabeth Mena

I’d be interested in asking whether genocide has been observed being perpetrated by our ape cousins. Do we commit genocide because we are not as evolved as we think we are, or has our evolution changed us so that we consider wiping out entire swaths of our own species a viable option? Glad to hear that you’re on the mend, Alie! 🤗

Cori

First time question asker! I’m taking a course on war and the environment right now and would love if your person could speak to some of the environmental destruction and pollution that results from violence, particularly with increasingly large scale weapons?

Lindsay Mixer

Hi! A lot of my questions have been asked, so I’ll go with a slightly different thought: I work in disaster mental health and I am actually working on a training about how everyday people can keep informed and try to help those experiencing genocide, without ourselves getting overwhelmed, burnt out, depressed, developing things like secondary traumatic stress, and ultimately dropping out of activist spaces. Basically, what I’d love to hear about is: What would experts in genocide suggest everyday people do to help and show support to victims, while still maintaining our own mental health (thus sustaining our ability to help)?

Lindsay Mixer

Not just that, but all the participants were from the same demographic pool which greatly diminished the study’s actual applicability to general “humanity”. Like, how much of how they acted was “human nature”, and how much was being a 20-something cishet white man growing up in an imperialist country full of copaganda? Would a group of people with mixed backgrounds have acted that way, even coached? Just a very flawed study overall.

Lindsay Mixer

Yes! So important. Disability activists have talked a lot about this, cause there’s always the fear of eugenics when DNA testing is involved.

Nick worth

Thanks Becky! I was quite self conscious about commenting as I generally believe that in online interactions, there’s little to no value in “negative” feedback but I have strong feelings about this and I felt that this crowd who would get the complexity.. thanks for proving me right!

Jane Nelson

I love this. Thank you for asking, and for the work you do.

ChickenChomper

Glad to hear you are getting better Alie! I am very interested to hear this episode. I haven't looked into all the acknowledged (and sadly many unacknowledged) genocide events. But are most of the leaders of these events men? Or are there instances when women led? And if it is mostly men, why is this?

BeckytheSassySeagrassScientist

Where do "Othering" or lack of respect for some groups' personhood come from? Can humans evolve away from this behavior?

ChickenChomper

Are there other animals that commit genocide on the same scale as humans?

Chelsea

This is very much the kind of question I had too, I feel like animals in general look for diversity for breading and building community groups, but humans seem to fear those who are different from them; what is it about human nature/minds that lead us in that direction?

Chelsea

I have to say I was almost afraid to read the questions here, and I can't say how grateful I am that this community is exactly what Allie wrote in her message. And thank you Allie for fostering that! It gives me hope. I want to share that I am Israeli, and I have served in the IDF. I also have my degree in Peace and Conflict resolution in the Middle East, and I have worked for years with non-profits and peace/unity projects. And while I absolutely appreciate this topic being a much broader share than what's going on there now, it's clearly on people's minds because of the current circumstances. My question is, what is it about this conflict that is so divisive? There are sadly a number of internationally recognized genocides going on in the world, in Africa, in China, why is this one so polarizing?

Chelsea

If this question is too specific and isn't the focus of the conversation I completely understand. And I do apologize for creating any negativity or pressure, that is not my intention. Again I really appreciate this space and I look forward to hearing this episode.

RaeBayBay

Will humans ever stop committing genocide? Is that a stupid question? Why don’t we learn from history? What are the long term consequences of genocide once one has ended? How does one study genocide and war without influence of their own bias?

Hezy Anholt

Hey Chelsea! I live in Southern Africa, so some of the conflicts on the African continent are a lot closer to home for me. But I think (just my opinion) (and I realize your question is for the expert and obviously not for me, but I'd be interested in what you think here) that *this one* may be more polarising internationally because of the amount of money that the US and other large powers are contributing to it, and this ties into the history and theology of Judaism and Christianity that is still so important to the way that many Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Europe and the Americas understand themselves today. Whereas ie. the Lord's Resistance Army is not important to international Christian identities. What do you think?

Hezy Anholt

My question is about the use of child soldiers. What are the circumstances /forces that lead to the mobilization of child soldiers as a weapon of war? What policy interventions can be used to prevent this from happening?

Hezy Anholt

Rwanda has come a long way since 1994. What lessons can be learned from Rwanda's recovery following the 1994 genocide?

Toni Spumoni

First time question asker- Do we have record of resistance preventing or stopping genocide? I do not in any way want to discourage folks from acting- in fact the opposite. I hope that there is evidence and history of dissent and resistance in the face of evil working to end a genocide.

Gemma

was the Irish potato famine genocide?

Nick worth

Hey Alie, I’ve been thinking about this a lot trying to understand why conversation about the Apocalypse or breast cancer don’t bother me at all, but Genocide does… it isn’t to do with the seriousness of the subject matter.. I think it’s something to do with the fact that when we talk about the apocalypse, it’s an abstract concept and deals with an outside threat that while existentially frightening is also devoid of intent . Even considering the potential of a climate change apocalypse, there is causality but I don’t think even the greediest oil baron is actively setting out to destroy the world…Similarly, the battle against cancer is something that is common to the human experience worldwide and represents an outside threat with no consciousness. We can study it, understand it and unite in a fight against it… There are victims, but there is no aggressor. But the violence people perpetrate on each other is an awful combination of intensely complex root causes and terrifying banality. I’ve seen that violence first hand and it turns my stomach and fills me with deep sadness. Anyway, not trying to convince anyone of anything, I just think this is a fascinating conversation and wanted to share my thoughts .

Gemma

how has social media impacted the dissemination of current genocides? i find it so fucking frustrating when after a given point, it feels like the mainstream doesn’t give a shit anymore. for instance, i felt the mainstream media learned and forgot about China’s ongoing genocide of Uyghur muslims so horrifically quickly. like, how would we even go about capturing mainstream attention for longer than a couple months at best???

Gemma

firstly, how does geopolitical violence surrounding minerals and resources contribute to genocide? take Congo for instance. secondly, how the fuck do we combat profit for the 1% is prioritized over thousands of lives???

Gemma

what are the sort of social constructions that cause someone to be apathetic or apologetic towards genocide?

Gemma

why are there so many people who think historical - even contemporary- genocides didnt/don’t exist??? like holocaust deniers or residential school deniers??

Gemma

how has americentrism impacted the way genocides are defined? like, how are they getting away with genocide allegations for their crimes in Vietnam, Iraq, or the Hawaii Kingdom (among others)?

Gemma

how has science and technology played a role in genocides throughout history?

Gemma

why is old testament god like that?

Steph Haase

I see questions about Rwanda. Living in East Africa, and traveling to Rwanda frequently, I see the changes that happened in the country for the better and for reconciliation, but there seems to be an emotional undercurrent constantly affecting everyday interactions. Do we sufficiently address the deep emotional trauma in reconciliation efforts? Are there ‘best practices’ around this?

Matt Hirschl

Futurist thought: Do you have any predictions on how war/genocide will impact the earth? I.e. will there be a breaking point with a slowing birth rate plus genocide that will lead to greater issues for our planet?

Chelsea and her dog Charlie

First time question asker! How do reparations and politics come into play for acknowledging a genocide? Thinking about the Armenian genocide and how it’s not always acknowledged by countries. Are there best practices and guidance from an academic standpoint on how to help the oppressed group recover?

Eli Huisman

First time question asker here! I wonder a lot about framing in politics, (social) media and, subsequently, public perception. How do we grapple with the representation of genocide and violence of this scale and the real world, material consequencesof that representation? So many struggles are related to each other geospatially, culturally or in other ways, yet as a society we often see them as individual, temporally and spacially limited singular events. I get why and how the already powerful want to maintain their power, but how do we counter that? How do we make sure we can see all of it as one moving part?

Ann Marie Wierzbicki

Isabelle Wilkerson in her book Caste: The Origins of Our Discontent posits that caste systems are much more able to give us Clarity on the divisions we as a society usually ascribe to race. She posits that America's caste system operates with quote unquote color as it's Central core, India's caste system is religiously based and the Third Reich in Germany cobbled together there Nuremberg Laws based on a study of what was happening in the United States with the Jim Crow laws at the time. Is this ologist familiar with this perspective? What do they think?

StephB

I am a newbie and just amazed at the depth of questions on here. I took a course in college that was all about Hitlers rise to power and to this day think that should have been a required humanities class and not an option. So many people really don’t know or understand how much genocide occurs in the world and education on the topic is much needed!

Josh Waldman

It seems that Germany has done a very good job of acknowledging their history of genocide and atrocity rather than denying or ignoring it like other countries like Turkey, Japan and even the US to some extent. How did they manage to face their dark history and what can we learn from them?

Josh Waldman

Also sorry to double dip on the questions but this is a little important to me, what do you think of the Taíno Restoration/Revivalist movement?

Veronica Boen

Why do some people choose to ignore that a genocide happened or is happening? Is it because it isnt affecting them at the time or something else?

samantha tovey

What can citizens do when their country is supporting and perpetuating genocide?

Samantha McGarrigle

Are there laws in the US that define what a genocide is? Or is it strictly international law jurisdiction?

Samantha McGarrigle

What international bodies can prosecute government officials that commit genocide? Do they actually succeed at holding people accountable?

San Juan Josie

I am also wondering about that. I know chimps “war”.

Gene Phillips

What do you think about the use of terms like "spiritual genocide"? (I remember it being used in to condemn an early 70s TV show called "Bridget Loves Bernie" in which a Catholic woman and a Jewish man marry.

Kelsey Larson

Why does the definition of genocide require proving intent? Would there be any potential downsides, complications, or other things we would need to change if we dropped “intent” from the criteria?

Michael

First time question asker! What can the UN (or other international governing bodies) actually do to prevent a genocide? Are “sanctions” akin to a slap on the wrist, or will the UN eventually step in with physical force when they believe a genocide is occurring? How does the international community hold a country accountable for international law?

Adam Foote

My grandmother survived the Holocaust, so I'm extremely interested in an episode on this topic.

Nicole Harper

What are the best ways to find and choose an organization to donate to?

Larissa Parsons Vafiades

What do you think of peacekeeping and/or peacemaking as tools for diffusing tensions during a genocide? Which model do you think is more effective? This inquiring history teacher who just taught recentish Canadian history wants to know!

Mary Long

Do you think Kurt Vonnegut’s works changed the public view of genocide/war crimes?

Pocketmouse

I was looking to see if someone asked this! Thank you. I hear a lot of lay folks critiquing the use of the word, so I want to hear what the expert thinks.

GhoulNextDoor

What do the lasting impacts of genocide look like for survivors and following generations? As in generational trauma, addiction, and other health and social impacts. Are there resources to help people living through the lasting impacts of genocide?

GhoulNextDoor

What roles does propaganda play? Such as pushing people further to extremism and nationalism. How can we identify and avoid propaganda? And generally avoid dangerous misinformation.

ValBeListening

Hey Ali! Love your podcast and very interested in learning more about this topic. I work for an arts organization monitoring artistic freedom around the world. The German government's support of Israel's bombardment of Gaza s influenced by their guilt of the holocaust. Recently the Berlin Cultural Senate passed a decision to include a requirement that cultural producers uphold an antisemitism clause, which uses the definition from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance and the German government’s extension, to be eligible for cultural funding. Artists protested the addition of this clause as a prerequisite for funding, in concern that it will silence critics of the state of Israel and undermine freedom of expression. It ended up not getting passed. My question (first time question asker!) is this: As antisemitism has been equated with condemning Israel's actions in the West, how much does rhetoric influence genocides?

Alie Ward

Any questions you’d like posed, as a survivor of that generational trauma?

Alie Ward

Always okay to double/triple/whatever dip with questions

Adam Foote

Thanks, I've been thinking about it for a few hours. I think I'm curious about the people who lead a genocide and what they actually think. Do they actually believe their (for example) antisemitic rhetoric? Once in power, does someone like that feel obligated to act on their insane proclamations? Do they think "I got here by blaming this ethnic group for all our problems so now I have to murder them"? I'm also extremely interested in how that trauma is passed down. As I biologist I first think about the possible epigenetics at play. What of my grandmother's trauma did I inherit? Finally, she essentially never talked about her experience (as expected) but sometimes she would tell us grandkids stores about it. I think a lot of it is actually stories that are somewhat truth-adjacent because the reality wasn't possible to face directly most of the time. Now that she has passed, what can I do to learn what was true and what was semi-true in her story?

Adam Foote

I clearly have a lot of questions and thoughts! Sorry about the lengthy reply. I have trouble with brevity haha

joshua kolb

Let's stray from current events. Are ancient civilizations battling, conquering, raping, and pillaging each other the same as genocide? There were entire cultures that were destroyed, with entire populations murdered or exiled or enslaved. Have we evolved at all?

Chelsea

It's a interesting thought, and I'm all for open communication on the subject too. I think it definitely shows the privilege that a lot of the people outside of the directly effected region hold (or have?), and the protests they hold over what's happening in the Middle East right now, but I think there are 2 very different questions in your comment too, if I may be so bold as to generalize it: is it about money? Or is it about religion? If I'm reading your comment wrong, please explain further.

Jadine Lannon

What is the history of our current international law definitions of genocide and war crimes? What are the legal consequences of a state being found guilty of these crimes under international law?

Merryn Lush

I’ve also been wondering about these questions

The Awkward Cactus

I’m interested in the psychology behind this topic. Is it truly just people hopping on the bandwagon? Is it brainwashing? How are some immune to the propaganda (German officers helping Jewish people during WW2)? Also is it human nature? We know that the natives North America had massive wars where tribes were completely wiped out. Biologically there must be a reason behind this

Yuka Oiwa

My high school had a program where students would go to Rwanda to do home stays, interview survivors, and visit massacre sites to learn about the 1994 genocide. I would be interested in hearing a 30-year check-in about how the mandatory monthly community service program, called umuganda, is impacting how neighbors rebuild their communities and shared spaces. The Rwandan government also chose to publicly display the bodies of those massacred at certain sites instead of commemorating the dead with placards, objects, or other indirect means like those (mostly) used at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum or the Holocaust Museum. Could you discuss this important decision with the expert you've invited? Who gets the final say about displaying these peoples' remains? Also, what is the connection between the Rwandan Genocide and the current crisis happening in the Democratic Republic of the Congo? Thank you Ali for discussion this, especially now <3

Merryn Lush

I think hearing respectful and objective discourse from a trusted expert with your thoughtful and inclusive tone could actually be very helpful. It would be nice to get some information about some of the terms and concepts that we are encountering regularly in a safer space, from a vetted source. I’m sure it has the potential to be triggering or maybe controversial but I think a little education on some fundamentals might help folks better engage with and understand what’s going on right now. I’m sure you will know how you feel about it when the discussion has been had and if it feels insensitive at all I’m sure you’ll catch it. I would personally be curious to learn more about the UN, what they actually do and can do, what has been done in the past. Are there any actions the average person can take that actually make a difference ie. donating to relief organizations, signing petitions, letter writing, etc.? Thanks! Glad to hear you’re doing well after your surgery!

Kelsy Simpson

I too would like to know the answer to this! Great question!

Kelsy Simpson

Yes!! I would also like to understand this

Kelsy Simpson

What are the differences (if any) between genocide & ethnic cleansing? What about war crimes vs. crimes against humanity??

The Bloated Toad

Are questions about specific historical instances welcome or is the focus more directed at genocide as a phenomenon and a concept holistically.

Dicken Crane

At any one time we perceive the arch of history as stationary, frozen in place, a place that makes no sense. If we could see the pendulum of history in motion through time it might make some sense. Anything to help us understand the forces that propel the pendulum and the results of when it swings back might make this moment in time more clear.

Julia Kudla

I just told my husband what to were asking for questions about. He asked, ‘Why?’ I said, ‘Because she’s a brave bitch.’ Love you!

Karisa May

Historically, what have been the most effective methods for allies of oppressed people to protest abroad and move governments toward humanitarian interventions?

Gabrielle Heiss

First first time question asker, May you please talk about how the rewriting of history and propaganda intersect with Genocide. I love your show and thank you for broaching this topic, and coming at it with facts. I think it is very important to the world we live in.

Keely Chavez

“Humanity undressed, fu led with the terror of becoming prey, see how quickly we become predators” ~ hunger games ballad. Is this not all of the things. Man’s inhumanity towards man is (initially) sparked the fear of loss or desire for gains Also, be/heal well Alie!

Erin

First time question asker - piggybacking off this question to ask your expert to touch on the parallels of genocide & colonization between the Indigenous Peoples of Australia, New Zealand & North America. The last Indian residential school in Canada only closed in 1996 - the schools were around for 150 years with the MO being to “kill the Indian in the child.” Similar Indian boarding schools existed in the US. There is also the Stolen Generation (Australia) & 60s Scoop (Canada) where Indigenous children were stolen from their communities and adopted into white settler families as a way to destroy culture & kinship ties. Then there is the National Inquiry of Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls, which concluded in 2019, and declared the thousands of Indigenous women & girls in Canada who are murdered & missing to be gender-based genocide, as their cases are rarely solved.

Aiden Dragon

I saw the tragic video of an airman committing suicide in the most horrific way possible to bring awareness to what is unfolding in Gaza and had a question. What can we in the military do to help break this cycle of genocide and whitewashing history?

Annabelle

Humans have a tendency to dehumanize one another. How does that relate to our evolutionary roots? It seems like the ambition to dominate, colonize, gain power evolved as a way of securing safety and resources for oneself. How can we as a species rise above this cycle of violence?

Annabelle

How do we identify propaganda when we see it?

Mckaylia Marshall

What are your thoughts on cultural genocide? Are humans the only species to commit genocide? Could another species commit genocide or by definition is it a human problem?

Mckaylia Marshall

Can you talk about why/how genocide happens and which types of historical/societal contexts make it more or less likely to occur?

Mai

What is the value of archiving and record keeping for public record in the context of ongoing genocide? How can communities that are not directly impacted by conflict aid in the preservation of the memory / art / culture / language of a people currently experiencing genocide?

Mai

in the current socio-eceonomic context is boycotting effective in preventing or stopping genocide and other war crimes from being funded? do we as citizens have a measurable impact through our indirect spending vs through direct action in the political landscape?

Kethry Warren

Definitely interested in this topic! I think its an important thing to discuss and gain knowledge on even if it will be hard to hear. Asking this one on behalf of my friend Holly: I would be curious to know what this scholar thinks classifies the definition of Genocide as far in as what "groups" qualify per the term. It's fairly widely debated on how targeted groups may not classify under the definition of genocide because they can be targeted for class, ideologies, ethnicities, etc. Some scholars think only certain groups apply to the term, where others are more generous. And my question: I read a lot of sci-fi and have always admired in these sci-fi stories when humans can unite as a planet to overcome aliens/evil virus/insert external conflict. Are we ever going to be able to be united as a whole human race or are we destined to fight with each other over differences forever?

Michael Munene

I am interested in this topic and agree with all the reasons that were posted prior. My question would be why do some genocidal actions get more media coverage than others. We're all aware of the current events in the Middle East, but how many are aware of the events taking place in South Sudan? Or parts of Asia or South America?

Eric R. Eaton

So many questions....How do we determine legitimate news sources from propaganda, esp. on Twitter/X? Why is no one talking about this on Facebook? How do I promote constructive conversations myself without appearing anti-semitic (in the case of the current conflict)? Why did the U.S. not intervene in Rwanda? Does foreign aid always revolve around American self-interest like I think it does? Thank you for being brave enough to address this, Alie!

Lily

Please do this topic, I fully support.

gg

I met a Jewish lady who charmed her guard when she left the boxcar. She got the tattoo which I saw but the guard never recorded her number in the book. After the war she was a Radio City Music Hall Rockettes dancer. Moral the story: It pays to charm the guards.

Atlas They-Them

This is the Ologies episode we need most right now and I deeply support you covering it. Thank you for considering this as an episode; I really hope it happens. Would be grateful to hear the scholar's perspective on the experience of genocide as intergenerational trauma, how it affects not only the people who live through it but also how they raise their children to raise their children, and so on. Why do some survivors (and/or their descendants) wind up supporting further genocidal violence in the world, while other survivors/descendants oppose it and instead strive for peaceful alternatives to conflict? Where is the fork in that road, the factors that will sway traumatized people towards perpetuating further hate-fueled violence vs. cultivating personal and collective healing? Because as devastating as the genocides unfolding in real time are — as whole families die while I'm struggling just to articulate these questions — I can't help also thinking ahead to how, literally every day, the choices and actions every living person takes now are setting the foundations for a future of change or more of the same horror. And while I know we won't be able to trace all the impacts being made in the moment, I also believe fundamentally that we need new strategies, exponentially potent ones at every level (familial, grassroots, governmental, etc) to counterbalance the ever-escalating violence and soul-level trauma. Is there scholarship on how to look at the past and the unfolding present and see, strategically, how we can systemically transform the conditions that will lead to further genocides in the future?

Atlas They-Them

Forgot to mention, I'm a first-time question asker, so adding that in here as I offer a second question for consideration: Based on historical scholarship, how often are genocidal actions motivated by revenge for previous ethno/national conflict or historical trauma vs. other factors such as eugenics, land theft, religious intolerance, etc? Do the motivations for genocide have any bearing on how we can prevent or end them? I can't help noticing parallels between how the State of Israel seems to regard the Jewish Holocaust during WWII as some sort of historical defense for their violent colonization of Gaza and how, after Yugoslavia was liberated from Nazi occupation after WWII, their new communist government launched an assault of retribution on all "ethnic Germans" — Yugoslavians with any German heritage — often massacring the men while imprisoning women and children in new Yugoslavian concentration camps for years before driving them out of the country altogether. In both cases, we can see how historical and intergenerational trauma can help explain why more violence happens but what can we do, how can we intervene, when pain of the past is being used as a pretense — or even an excuse, an attempted validation — for perpetuating more of the same pain? How can we push for healing when hatred seems to be the instinctual response, when tools of violence are easier to obtain than trauma therapy?

Ken

How can we prevent genocide? Education? Institutions? Other factors?

Griffin Russell

One of my dear friends teaches History at a university in Canada, his most popular class is called “comparative genocide” in which he compares the efficiency of different genocides throughout history. I would love to hear an expert opinion on who has committed the most efficient genocide. Or if you don’t have an expert already and want a cool historian/genocidologist to interview reach out and I’ll put you in touch!

The Bag Lady

Do you think our vote this year can help the current situation in Palestine?

Patricia Evans

Do you think there is something about human nature that creates this tendency to annihilate the "other"? We all know genocide is wrong, but over the centuries humans keep on finding a way to find exceptions and "justify" horrific acts.

Erin Everton

It feels like a lot of us (consciously or not) think we live in a more “civilized” era now than we used to, and by extension that genocide/war happens less than it used to. Is there any truth to that, or is it due to the bias of only studying major events in history/the normalization of our current issues?

Disco Ru

I would like to hear this but understand your concerns. My question would be what exactly can and has the world court done to countries that commit war crimes? It always just seems like big talk and political posturing, but no real consequences.

Amanda

This may not be the right prompt for this question. However, I have questions about genetic engineering advances and what the future of ethics, reproductive rights, and diversity of the human species may look like in the future with all the recent scientific breakthroughs in this field. The potential political implications and conflicts that comes with that, and what regulations are in place to help us navigate this? Asking for my partner: how are so many genocides successfully covered up or kept away from the public eye?

Zinc

i would like to hear a discussion about the interlinking of the words war and genocide throughout history and how that impacts impressions today. i also want to ask for basics like the definition of genocide in terms of historical categorising, and modern like with what south africa recently did.

Kayla

I think we need a point blank answer on if Israel is currently committing genocide. The word has been used quite a bit depending on what side of the internet you are on.

Peyton Nill

Oh DEEPLY interested in this, please do an episode. I would love to know how a genocide is defined. History is written by the victors. For example, I was raised in the south and until I was 22 I only ever heard that the American Civil War was about states rights, not slavery. so how is it determined when one side calls it genocide and the other rolls it into another agenda?

Ani Gee

I'm interested in this episode, and not just because I'm an Armenian American. First genocide of the 20th century was too the Armenians.. and it hasn't stopped there. It has to do. 😔😔

Minh

Is war for us inevitable? Will there always be war? Is the reason why we so successful as a species because we are so war-like?

Matt Rippon

How does the UN define what is genocide? How can we tell if it's happening currently? And is there anything that can be done?

Matt Rippon

What the heck do you say when people ask you what you do???

Ms. Nowak

(First time asker PLEASE PICK ME ALIE ID DIE FOR YOU)

Gabby Sweet

As far as we know, is genocide exclusive to humans, or do other animals commit such acts amongst their own species as well?

Kellie McCain

Oh my inner anthropologist is screaming to get out! I think it would be helpful to list reasons why it occurs. Root causes, hatred? Superiority? Religion? Especially interested in not just labels of identity related to race, ethnicity but people with disabilities, people with albinism, etc. Great ology to delve into!

Mercedes Maitland (Lead editor, Ologies)

My inner anthropologist wants to know all the same things! I've very interested in how our perceptions and cultural narratives of in-groups/out-groups get twisted in the lead-up to these sorts of events

Alex Attie

Why do populations who have historically been victims of mass genocide later go and commit genocide against other groups of people? (think Israel/Palestine). My brain cannot comprehend.

Wynter Fenn

I've been very close to this topic and community of refugees from many different conflicts since my high school years. I did a paper on genocide in college and interviewed survivors from South Sudan. I have close friends from these conflicts. I lobbied at the Hill. I was mentored by a Holocaust Lit teacher who sits on the board of the USHMM and helped incorporate Holocaust Lit into AZ schools. When I think of genocide I think of the human impact and particularly to the survivors/refugees that had to flee. I would love to have voices from a refugee community incorporated into this episode. What is their perspective? How has this changed them and their future generation? How are they moving through the world now? How can we advocate for them? It could be someone from Rwanda, South Sudan, Myanmar, Gaza ... The list is endless.

Kellie McCain

Exactly! It's learned behavior for the majority. Does any other species do this?

Leah Anderson

Thanks for adding questions regarding disability and eugenics. As the descendant of Sephardic and Lithuanian Jews, I have wondered about "blood purity" as it relates to ethnicity, but of course it relates to the inheritance of other traits as well.

Leah Anderson

Ani, I was thinking about Armenia as well. Turkey still denies this happened. In Lithuania, it is the same. The Lithuanian "freedom fighters" massacred 90% of the Litvak Jews living there ahead of the Nazi invasion with the expectation that this measure would allow them freedom of government once occupied. Very few non-Jewish Lithuanians are aware of this, even as they have a museum about WWII genocide: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/world/europe/lithuania-genocide-museum-jews.html?smid=url-share

Ani Gee

I hadn't heard about that, thank you for sharing! It's just awful, it keeps happening, Europe, Middle East, Africa! When will it end??

Lauren M

What is the psychology behind people defending the Israeli hostages while also justifying the brutal murder of children when we literally have videos? How can people even deny these war crimes happening? The dissonance is wild.

Kathleen Sachs

At times, I feel like I am just one small person and there is only so much I can do when it comes to world conflict. For those of us watching and wringing our hands at home, what advice can the Ologist give us about preventing and combating genocide? I've written letters to the president and my Congress people. Now what? What else can I do?

Kathleen Sachs

And yes, I think you should cover this topic. Also, I have been reading that the Israel/Palestine conflict was not the only case of genocide happening in the world. I'm also hearing of other conflicts occuring in Sudan and the Congo.

Nevena Georgieva

There's art that warns us about the banality of evil, or how scary easy it is for people to become complicit in the commitment of grave atrocities. (I'm thinking of the recent The Zone of Interest film, for example.) What does science have to say about it? What are the conditions that coalesce to allow dehumanization and genocide to take place?

Hope J 🏳️‍🌈

Personally, I would recommend reading “Texture of Memory” by James E. Young. I took multiple courses in college about nationalism and memory, specifically around the Holocaust, and this book stuck with me. Also, looking through the different German films and comparing how East and West Germany remembered is interesting, such as Das schreckliche Mädchen.

Maureen

I’m interested in learning whether the US government is consistent when classifying foreign massacres as genocides. Is location a factor? Are public and political pressure factors? Why is designation by the US government significant? In 1994 I was a Peace Corps Volunteer in Ghana when BBC or VOA radio reported that a massive number of dead bodies had been seen in a river in Rwanda and few details were yet known as to why. Years later I read UN Force Commander Romeo Dallaire’s account of his screaming into a void that a genocide was taking place. I am also interested in the forensic pathologists who collect evidence of genocide for criminal trials.

Lyette LeBlanc

How media (and propaganda) affects soldiers and individuals who are at the front lines fighting.

Lemon L

Ooh as a Canadian I’m curious what university this is at and would love to know the syllabus!

Lemon L

They may have acknowledged their history, but the way they currently support Israel without question and how they treat any conversations about Palestine is notable. If you’re supposed to learn from history, why are we seeing Germany act this way?

Lemon L

To me this is a bit of humour/levity in an otherwise quite serious thread

Lemon L

Great q. As a Ukrainian I know about the Holodomor famine-genocide, but I never knew that the Irish potato famine also had a similar discussion until more recently.

Gemma

my apologies, you’re right. i definitely should’ve been more specific rephrased my question better. i am referring to the debate surrounding the genocide and the old testament, as god often gives orders to completely destroy the “enemy.” one specific example is when god instructs the israelites to destroy seven nations upon entering Canaan, saying “Do not leave alive anything that breathes (Deut. 20:16).” many scholars have argued these orders are essentially divine commands to commit genocide. i guess what im asking is, what were the socio-political and philosophical factors that contributed to the authors of the old testament constructing such narratives? furthermore, how has the bible been used to justify genocides throughout history? as an exmormon, i noticed a lot of mormons who wouldn’t care about conflicts in the middle east because they’re convinced of the second coming. i hope my question can be used to open up a dialogue on religion and genocide, thinking about crusades, the slave trade, and colonialism.

Gemma

how has the “papal bull doctrine of discovery, 1493” justified genocidal colonialism?

Zachary Cavin

How does the use of the blanket term genocide affect the large variations in how genocide is carried out? Shouldn't there be classifications?

Talia B.E.

Hi Allie, long time listener, first question-asker: What stops a genocide? Is there ever a way to stop it without violent intervention? I taught Holocaust literature to 8th graders for many years, and we always focused on the dehumanizing language used by one group to describe the other group(s) they want to assimilate/eradicate so we could look at other examples of propaganda throughout history. I would love to hear from your guest if genocide is even possible without that key factor of rhetoric. And then moving forward, how do we get sides to recognize the humanity within each other? Especially when members of either side are committing unspeakable atrocities. And what are those of us on the other side of the world supposed to do when we don't want to condone any violence? What is justified violence? Thanks for reading my comment, and thanks for all the great work you do. (PS - I hope your guest talks about Thomas Aquinas's "Just War Theory"!!)

Wren Beach

Maybe discuss the sterilization of Native American women up to the 80’s.

Sophia

Hi! Long time listener, first time question-asker: What is the ologists opinion on the perception, that comparative genocides studies lead to the relativisation of the suffering of the victims? I'm asking this as a German citizen, who grew up with the public perception that the Holocaust was a historical singularity and thus cannnot be compared to other incidences without relativisation. Sorry for my english, I'm relying heavily on deepl here ;)

Michelle Cabrera

So, what if we take an isolated space. One group of people finally kills off all of the people in the other group - their most hated enemies. Genocide is a success. Then what happens within this first group? What happens over time? Surely, it's not happily ever after forever. Humans are tribal, we know this. If/when new splits occur in this homogenous group, at what point does fighting and killing between the groups grow to the level of genocide?

Meagan Walker

A very much needed episode i think! So many good questions here.

Between Dumplings

YES. We need smart, reasonable people (not IG users with zero posts trolling every comment about Gaza). I have found a couple of groups that are working across cultures and borders to build dialog. They do not get enough public press. There are timelines that will be long but will produce more long-lasting peace and there are the brute force faster timelines that justify atrocities. We need open hearts, compassion, and listening to understand not listening for a break so you can pull out your bullhorn and roll over others. This will be tough as all good things are, and you will get flak and be told to "stay in your lane" which is actually someone saying "you're doing the necessary work I'm too scared to do and making me look bad." Do it. Got your back. And you have my gratitude! (and empathy as I have spent half a day in the ER this week and am waiting for potentially scary results...Hope you are on the mend~!)

Hex

I don't have a question. But I just want to encourage you to do this episode

Mary Ann Porter

Why has man been at war since we have existed? Is war and genocide deep inside of many minds, especially those in power? I don’t get it and definitely think they have sick minds to do such abominable things to others.

Katy

Where do we draw the line between war crimes and the other awful things and deaths that happen in war that we're okay with? Are there differences in where other people draw that line historically and/or around the globe?

Jaedin Guldenstern

I think this episode would be incredibly clarifying and important. And timely. Thank you for being willing to go there <3

Josh Waldman

Thanks! I’ll check these out

Jeanette-o-saur

I'm grateful that you are willing to take on the topic. I'm scared for the backlash you will get for saying anything at all (make sure you're healed up before it releases please). You will most likely get death threats, regardless of how gracefully you approach, so have your supports and resources in place. What I need most is hope that there's a way out. How can we stop being "here" in the pit of dehumanized violence. All stories of successful reconciliation and repair gratefully accepted by this very broken heart 💔

Mike Campbell

I welcome this brave move. It's a difficult subject that needs to be heard, especially right now. My main concern, which I'm sure you, your guest, and your team will handle carefully and professionally, is people using the comments to rant, deny past & present events, blame the victims, or try to equate defense against genocide with genocide. I believe it will require proactive monitoring and assertive control. Some may call that "censorship", but I believe it is not censorship to avoid allowing people to turn this site from a vehicle for understanding into a platform for propagating hate-speech and lies.

Alex W

I like this idea and it feels incredibly challenging to do well. But I trust you to do it and find the right person. I would love to know if there is any longitudinal study or data on how many generations following genocide does the intergenerational trauma kinda… subside. What are the common characteristics of families who have experienced genocide in prior generations?

Nancy Anderson

What is the “real” motivation for genocide? Dominant blood lines, ethnic “cleansing?” Outright power?

Shealyn Wippert

Do people that study war and genocide see a way that it could end? Or will there always be a drive to conquer?

Kody Murdock

How do you think today's technology and our instant access to information will change how governments enact genocide in the future?

Devyn

If every genocide is as awful as the last, why does it keep happening? Also what is the least known genocide in history ?

Lazylion

As we as a species have evolved there have been many genocidal instances before and after we became Hominids, is this genetically wired to want to wipe out another colony? Like ants, primates and others species do? 🐜 is it hard wired like gorging on ripe fruit and hoarding food for the future.

moeritherium

Is there something, psychological, physical, societal, linking all of the groups and countries that have perpetuated a genocide or is it completely dependent on their circumstances ?